Nanotechnology Integration for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis and Treatment: An Approach to Preventing Pandemic

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is the COVID-19 disease, which has caused massive health devastation, prompting the World Health Organization to declare a worldwide health emergency. The corona virus infected millions of people worldwide, and many died as a result of a lack of particular medications. The current emergency necessitates extensive therapy in order to stop the spread of the coronavirus. There are various vaccinations available, but no validated COVID-19 treatments. Since its outbreak, many therapeutics have been tested, including the use of repurposed medications, nucleoside inhibitors, protease inhibitors, broad spectrum antivirals, convalescence plasma therapies, immune-modulators, and monoclonal antibodies. However, these approaches have not yielded any outcomes and are mostly used to alleviate symptoms associated with potentially fatal adverse drug reactions. Nanoparticles, on the other hand, may prove to be an effective treatment for COVID-19. They can be designed to boost the efficacy of currently available antiviral medications or to trigger a rapid immune response against COVID-19. In the last decade, there has been significant progress in nanotechnology. This review focuses on the virus’s basic structure, pathogenesis, and current treatment options for COVID-19. This study addresses nanotechnology and its applications in diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and targeted vaccine delivery, laying the groundwork for a successful pandemic fight.

Potential of Azadirachta indica as a Capping Agent for Antiviral Nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2

“…Since the discovery of their potential for biomedical applications, NPs have attracted the attention of the research community, which is restlessly investigating their biocidal capabilities and potentially effective formulations. Nanomaterials may be used to contain the spread of viruses as some have antiviral activities and are able to be delivered and released slowly in the body [ 12 , 14 ]. According to Jeevanandam et al, nanomaterials are materials with a varying size of 1-1000 nm in at least one dimension [ 40 ].…”

“…The use of nanomaterials to design and develop antiviral substances has been previously explored as they can be directly delivered to the site of infection (to the lungs in the case of to effectively attack viruses [12][13][14][15]. Therefore, nanotechnology has emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for many infectious diseases.…”

Application of nanomaterials against SARS-CoV-2: An emphasis on their usefulness against emerging variants of concern

“…When the virus is present, magnetic nanoparticles and zirconium quantum dots interact, resulting in magneto plasmonic light. The virus was identified by measuring the fluorescence intensity of fluorescent magneto Plasmon monohybrids separated by external magnets (Asdaq et al, 2021). Another study employed chiral immune sensors made of self-assembled layers of quantum dots and chiroplasmic AuNPs.…”

An Exploration of Nanoparticle-Based Diagnostic Approaches for Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV

“…Mechanisms of detection of coronaviruses using NPs vary greatly depending on the type of NP used, the desired molecular target and the apparatus that the NP is a part of. Potential mechanisms of action may include: (1) isolation of coronavirus RNA using superparamagnetic NPs; (2) aggregation-based columetric changes facilitated by gold NPs, detected through a biosensor or naked eye; (3) detection of electrochemical changes, facilitated by carbon nanostructures or gold NPs [ 35 ]. Further detail of detection mechanisms will be described in the following sections pertaining to nanoparticle application in the corresponding sections on the discussed coronaviruses.…”