Nanotechnology and recycling, remanufacturing, and reusing battery

Addressing preliminary challenges in upscaling the recovery of lithium from spent lithium ion batteries by the electrochemical method: a review

“…39–41 The employment of high temperatures ranging from >500 °C to 2000 °C gives pyrometallurgy the advantage of greatly enhancing chemical reactions, surpassing the effects achievable at lower temperatures, at which only phase transitions and structural changes in metals occur. 39,42,43 Companies worldwide including Umicore, Accurec, and Inmetco have employed pyrometallurgical treatment to give alloy metals and slag as the final products, which contain most of the Li remains. 12 However, given its substantial energy consumption, association with high amounts of atmospheric emission, and limited range of recovered products, the pyrometallurgical method for Li recycling is inefficient, environmentally destructive, and unsustainable in the long run.…”

Potential Environmental and Health Implications from the Scaled-Up Production and Disposal of Nanomaterials Used in Biosensors

“…Alternative methods include the application of molecular antisolvents, pH or thermal responsive materials, and magnetic fields [ 274 ]. In batteries the successful recovery of nanomaterials has already been demonstrated at the benchtop level for nanomaterials such as Zn and ZnO nanoparticles and Graphite-polyaniline nanocomposites via Inert gas condensation (thermal) and vacuum separation, Hydrometallurgy and liquid-liquid extraction, and Oxidative polymerization and Precipitation [ 275 ]. Barriers to the effective recycling and reuse of nanomaterials arise in a lack of guidelines and strategies for the recovery and reuse of nanomaterials [ 274 ].…”