Nanotargeting of Resistant Infections with a Special Emphasis on the Biofilm Landscape

Abstract

Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial compounds is a growing concern in medical and public health circles. Overcoming the adaptable and duplicative resistance mechanisms of bacteria requires chemistry-based approaches. Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) now offer unique advantages toward this effort. However, most in situ infections (in humans) occur as attached biofilms enveloped in a protective surrounding matrix of extracellular polymers, where survival of microbial cells is enhanced. This presents special considerations in the design and deployment of antimicrobials. Here, we review recent efforts to combat resistant bacterial strains using NPs and, then, explore how NP surfaces may be specifically engineered to enhance the potency and delivery of antimicrobial compounds. Special NP-engineering challenges in the design of NPs must be overcome to penetrate the inherent protective barriers of the biofilm and to successfully deliver antimicrobials to bacterial cells. Future challenges are discussed in the development of new antibiotics and their mechanisms of action and targeted delivery via NPs.

The efficiency of metal, metal oxide, and metalloid nanoparticles against cancer cells and bacterial pathogens: different mechanisms of action

“…These NPs provide a new effective way to overcome common mechanisms of antibiotic resistance such as permeability regulation, multidrug efflux pumps, antibiotic degradation, antibiotic modification, etc. It is worth noting that a dnotodno mechanism to overcoming bacterial resistance is the production of antibacterial drugs with the ability of penetration and inactivation of the biofilm-forming multidrugresistant bacterial strains [35]. In addition, the application of metal-based NPs may be an alternative option to minimize microbial resistance and toxicity to human cells.…”

DNA-aptamer-nanographene oxide as a targeted bio-theragnostic system in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Porphyromonas gingivalis

“…Recently, single antimicrobial agents-carrying drug delivery systems have been introduced to prevent systemic side effects of antibiotics and drug resistance due to oral administration of antibiotics in the treatment of periodontitis 48 . The aptamer can play the role of a specific carrier of antimicrobial agent and increase the effectiveness of treatment, prevent the removal of the beneficial and effective microbiome in health, the development and spread of antibiotic resistance, and the side effects of systemic administration of drugs 49 , 50 .…”

Recent Progress of Surface Modified Nanomaterials for Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species in Organism

“…Recently, cell membrane-coating nanotechnology has been recognized as a potential strategy to modify nanomaterials owing to their concise functionalized process and good biocompatibility for improving the properties of biomaterials. Biofilm-coated nanomaterials can inhibit antioxidative molecules in many diseases. − Activated neutrophils could produce a large amount of ROS and cause oxidative stress in a damaged spinal cord. Meanwhile, the activated inflammation-associated signaling pathways also promote the production of inflammation factors.…”