Nanostructured‐silver‐coated polyetheretherketone tube for online in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

Polyetheretherketone tube is a better substrate for in-tube solid-phase microextraction than fused-silica capillary and metal tube because of its resistance to high pressure and good flexibility. It was modified with a nanostructured silver coating, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was connected into high-performance liquid chromatography equipment to build the online analysis system by replacing the sample loop of a six-port injection valve. To get the highest extraction capacity, the preparation conditions of the coating was investigated. Important extraction conditions including length of tube, sample volume, and desorption time were optimized using eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as model analytes. The tube exhibits excellent extraction efficiency toward them, with enrichment factors from 52 to 363. The online analysis method provides good linearity (0.5-100 or 1.0-100 μg/L) and low detection limits (0.15-0.30 μg/L). It has been used to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples, with relative recoveries in the range of 92.3-120%. The tube showed highest extraction ability for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, higher extraction ability for hydrophobic phthalates and anilines, and almost no extraction ability for low hydrophobic phenols, due to the possible extraction mechanism including hydrophobic and electron-rich element-metal interactions.

Diamond nanoparticles coating for in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

“…Enrichment factors are better than some reported methods and the extraction time is shorter than most of these methods . Regarding RSDs, the proposed method shows comparable result or even better values than others . These indicated that the proposed in‐tube SPME–HPLC method had some advantages over some pervious methods.…”

“…Linear ranges are superior to some methods with FLD , but less than some methods based on nanosilver coating and C 12 coating . Enrichment factors are better than some reported methods and the extraction time is shorter than most of these methods . Regarding RSDs, the proposed method shows comparable result or even better values than others .…”

“…As can be seen from Table 3, LODs of this method are better than nanosilver-SPME-HPLC-DAD [31] and C 12 -SPME-HPLC-UV [33], and comparable with TRB-5-IT-SPME-HPLC-FLD [28] and GO-CFs-SPME-HPLC-DAD [32], but inferior to other methods [29,30]. Linear ranges are superior to some methods with FLD [28][29][30], but less than some methods based on nanosilver coating [31] and C 12 coating [33]. Enrichment factors are better than some reported methods [30,31] and the extraction time is shorter than most of these methods [29,32,33].…”

A green extraction material — natural cotton fiber for in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction

“…Since its introduction in 1990s, SPME has been developed and applied in many fields, such as environmental monitoring, food analysis, biochemical detection and so on . Various materials have been researched for improving the extraction performance of SPME, like carbon‐based adsorbents (carbon nanotube, graphene) , metal‐organic materials (metal‐organic nanotubes, metal‐organic frameworks) , metal‐based materials (metal nanoparticles, metallic oxide nanorods or nanotubes, bimetallic oxide nanosheets) , organic materials (ionic liquids, polymers, covalent organic frameworks, organic aerogels) , and other materials (silica aerogels, mesoporous materials) . Although these materials exhibited good extraction efficiency, complicated synthesized reaction or chemical functionalization were inevitable.…”

“…Since its introduction in 1990s, SPME has been developed and applied in many fields, such as environmental monitoring, food analysis, biochemical detection and so on [1]. Various materials have been researched for improving the extraction performance of SPME, like carbon-based adsorbents (carbon nanotube, graphene) [2][3][4], metal-organic materials Article Related Abbreviations: Ace, Acenaphthylene; Ana, Acenaphthene; Ant, Anthracene; DAD, Diode array detector; F E , Enrichment factor; FlA, Fluoranthene; Flu, Fluorene; Nap, Naphthalene; PAH, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PEEK, Polyetheretherketone; Phe, Phenanthrene; Pyr, Pyrene (metal-organic nanotubes, metal-organic frameworks) [5][6][7][8], metal-based materials (metal nanoparticles, metallic oxide nanorods or nanotubes, bimetallic oxide nanosheets) [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], organic materials (ionic liquids, polymers, covalent organic frameworks, organic aerogels) [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], and other materials (silica aerogels, mesoporous materials) [27][28][29][30][31][32]. Although these materials exhibited good extraction efficiency, complicated synthesized reaction or chemical functionalization were inevitable.…”