Nanostructured pseudocapacitive materials decorated 3D graphene foam electrodes for next generation supercapacitors

Abstract

Nowadays, advancement in performance of proficient multifarious electrode materials lies conclusively at the core of research concerning energy storage devices. To accomplish superior capacitance performance the requirements of high capacity, better cyclic stability and good rate capability can be expected from integration of electrochemical double layer capacitor based carbonaceous materials (high power density) and pseudocapacitive based metal hydroxides/oxides or conducting polymers (high energy density). The envisioned three dimensional (3D) graphene foams are predominantly advantageous to extend potential applicability by offering a large active surface area and a highly conductive continuous porous network for fast charge transfer with decoration of nanosized pseudocapacitive materials. In this article, we review the latest methodologies and performance evaluation for several 3D graphene based metal oxides/hydroxides and conducting polymer electrodes with improved electrochemical properties for next-generation supercapacitors. The most recent research advancements of our and other groups in the field of 3D graphene based electrode materials for supercapacitors are discussed. To assess the studied materials fully, a careful interpretation and rigorous scrutiny of their electrochemical characteristics is essential. Auspiciously, both nano-structuration as well as confinement of metal hydroxides/oxides and conducting polymers onto a conducting porous 3D graphene matrix play a great role in improving the performance of electrodes mainly due to: (i) active material access over large surface area with fast charge transportation; (ii) synergetic effect of electric double layer and pseudocapacitive based charge storing.

Nickel Cobalt Sulfide core/shell structure on 3D Graphene for supercapacitor application

“…23 reported electrodeposited nickel cobalt sulfide nanosheet arrays on 3D graphene/nickel foam for high performance supercapacitors with good electrochemical performance; similarly, Patil et al . 24 and Beka et al . 25 reported the improvement in capacitance performance after hybridizing of ternary metal sulfides with graphene.…”

Tracing the Bioavailability of Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam in Biological Tissues

“…3D GFs form a united and continuous network of graphene sheets, thus fulfilling the requirement of uniform distribution [5]. 3D GFs could be potentially used in a variety of areas, such as in energy storage [6], Li ion batteries [7], supercapacitors [8], electrochemical sensing [9], and tissue engineering (as stem cell scaffolds) [10] owing to their high surface area (ranging from a few hundred to ca. 2000 m 2 /g) and hierarchical (macro/meso/micro pores) structure in combination with the intrinsic properties of two dimensional (2D) graphene.…”

The New Graphene Family Materials: Synthesis and Applications in Oxygen Reduction Reaction

“…Furthermore, with the incorporation of heteroatoms into the lattice plane of graphene, the local electronic properties of graphene family materials can be modulated, and more active sites can also be generated. Thus, the ORR performance can be greatly improved by effectively enhancing the surface reactivity and surface energy [18,78]. Interestingly, in the research about the application of graphene family materials for ORR, most of them use the heteroatom-doped graphene family materials due to their superior performance.…”

“…Since the debut of graphene, building graphene-based 3D porous materials has received increasing attention [78][79][80][81][82][83]. The approaches to prepare 3D-G can be divided into three categories as shown in Figure 4: (i) self assembly; (ii) the template assisted assembly chemical method; and (iii) the CVD method.…”

“…With the interconnected macroporous framework and enhanced ion diffusion/electron transport paths in multidimensions, the 3D graphene structure is extremely desirable to improve the loading and dispersion of catalysts and supply more active sites for the reaction [78,80,81,[120][121][122]. In the group of Pumera, a CVD method with nickel foam as the template was used to get 3D-G with different layer numbers [123].…”