Nanoscale Morphology of High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells

Yang, Xiaoniu; Loos, Joachim; Veenstra, Sjoerd; Verhees, Wiljan; Wienk, Martijn M.; Kroon, Jan; Michels, M.A.J.; Janssen, Raj René

doi:10.1021/nl048120i

Cited by 1,538 publications

(1,416 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In fact, after annealing, a large interfacial area, necessary for efficient charge generation, is not hindered by the presence of long fibers since P3HT favourably tends to crystallize in one direction. 54 A very powerful technique for probing the blend morphology is electron tomography, in which a series of TEM images are taken at different tilt angles in the beam and then reconstructured to give a three dimensional image of the thin film. It has recently been used to examine the effects of thermal annealing in P3HT/PCBM blends demonstrating directly the changes in both the domain size and crystallinity and vertical composition upon annealing.…”

Section: Thermal Annealingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of blend microstructure on bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic performance

et al. 2011

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This tutorial review discusses the factors influencing blend microstructure and performance in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells.Please check this proof carefully. Our staff will not read it in detail after you have returned it. Translation errors between word-processor files and typesetting systems can occur so the whole proof needs to be read. Please pay particular attention to: tabulated material; equations; numerical data; figures and graphics; and references. If you have not already indicated the corresponding author(s) please mark their name(s) with an asterisk. Please e-mail a list of corrections or the PDF with electronic notes attached --do not change the text within the PDF file or send a revised manuscript.Please bear in mind that minor layout improvements, e.g. in line breaking, table widths and graphic placement, are routinely applied to the final version.Please note that, in the typefaces we use, an italic vee looks like this: n, and a Greek nu looks like this: n.We will publish articles on the web as soon as possible after receiving your corrections; no late corrections will be made.Please return your final corrections, where possible within 48 hours of receipt, by e-mail to: chemsocrev@rsc.org Reprints-Electronic (PDF) reprints will be provided free of charge to the corresponding author. Enquiries about purchasing paper reprints should be addressed via: http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ReSourCe/PaperReprints/. Costs for reprints are below: Q3The sentence beginning ''For example it has been shown. . .'' has been altered for clarity, please check that the meaning is correct. Q4The citation to ' Fig. 8(a)' in the sentence beginning 'Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. . .' has been changed to ' Fig. 10(a)' as the text appears to discuss ' Fig. 10(a)'. Please check that this is correct. Q5The citation to ' Fig. 8(b)' in the sentence beginning 'Upon annealing, P3HT chains begin to crystallize. . .' has been changed to ' Fig The performance of organic photovoltaic devices based upon bulk heterojunction blends of donor and acceptor materials has been shown to be highly dependent on the thin film microstructure. In this tutorial review, we discuss the factors responsible for influencing blend microstructure and how these affect device performance. In particular we discuss how various molecular design approaches can affect the thin film morphology of both the donor and acceptor components, as well as their blend microstructure. We further examine the influence of polymer molecular weight and blend composition upon device performance, and discuss how a variety of processing techniques can be used to control the blend microstructure, leading to improvements in solar cell efficiencies.

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Section: Thermal Annealingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of blend microstructure on bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic performance

et al. 2011

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“…5͑a͔͒. Other growth conditions for slow crystallization such as Langmuir-Blodgett method, 33 precipitation in diluted poor solvents, 34,35 post-annealing treatments, 36 and solvent vapor-induced self-assembly 10 also lead to such fibrillarlike microstructures. It is believed that the crystal growth of P3HT tends to favor one-dimensional crystals, 37,38 with a length along the long axis extending from hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers governed by the strong -stacking interaction between chains.…”

Section: Structural Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular-weight dependence of interchain polaron delocalization and exciton bandwidth in high-mobility conjugated polymers

et al. 2006

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Interchain interactions have a profound effect on the optical as well as charge transport properties of conjugated polymer thin films. In contrast to oligomeric model systems in solution-deposited polymer thin films the study of such effects is complicated by the complex microstructure. We present here a detailed study of interchain interaction effects on both charged polarons as well as neutral excitons in highly crystalline, high-mobility poly-3-hexylthiophene ͑P3HT͒ as a function of molecular weight. We find experimental evidence for reduced exciton bandwidth and increased polaron delocalization with increasing conjugation length and crystalline quality. From comparative studies of field-effect transistor characteristics, film morphology, and optical properties our study provides a microscopic understanding of the factors which limit the charge transport in P3HT to field-effect mobilities around 0.1 cm 2 / V s, and which will need to be addressed to improve mobility further.

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“…[13] In addition to other parameters, such as choice of solvents, donor/acceptor (D/A) ratio, casting methods, and solution concentrations, the chosen thermal annealing procedure has a significant influence on the film morphology. Here, the annealing effect was monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements through which the related lattice constant d can be calculated using Bragg's law, as shown in Equation (1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Polymer with a Benzo[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene Moiety for Photovoltaic Applications

Liu

Rieger

et al. 2010

ChemSusChem

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The characterization of a benzo[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene containing conjugated polymer (PBTT) is demonstrated, with regard to its photovoltaic performance. X‐ray diffraction measurements reveal that the thermal treatment results in an increased crystallinity within the PBTT:[70]PCBM network and subsequent spatial rearrangement in the film. Upon stepwise annealing, the PBTT‐based bulk‐heterojunction solar cells show an overall conversion efficiency of 2.7 % under 1 sun light illumination. The photovoltaic devices based on PBTT show a high efficiency, maintained over one month. All these aspects suggest that the use of self‐organizable materials is an efficient approach for high‐performance photovoltaic applications.

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Nanoscale Morphology of High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells

Cited by 1,538 publications

References 33 publications

Influence of blend microstructure on bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic performance

Influence of blend microstructure on bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic performance

Molecular-weight dependence of interchain polaron delocalization and exciton bandwidth in high-mobility conjugated polymers

A Polymer with a Benzo[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene Moiety for Photovoltaic Applications

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