Nanoscale Deformation Mechanisms in Bone

Gupta, Himadri S.; Krauß, Stefanie; Seto, Jong; Wagermaier, Wolfgang; Kerschnitzki, Michael; Benecke, Gunthard; Zaslansky, Paul; Boesecke, Peter; Funari, Sérgio S.; Kirchner, H. O. K.; Fratzl, Peter

doi:10.1021/nl051584b

Cited by 329 publications

(247 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…There is growing evidence that the nanoscale processes that are involved in bone fracture include the relative motion of mineralized collagen fibrils and that the resistance of bone to fracture may depend on the ability of bone to dissipate energy in the interfibrillar matrix during this relative motion. [26][27][28][29][30][31] These same processes may be involved in resistance of bone to the continuing indentation that is measured by the IDI. So, perhaps, it is not surprising that, as shown below in model systems, bone that is more easily fractured has larger IDIs.…”

Section: Indentation Distance Increasementioning

confidence: 99%

The bone diagnostic instrument II: Indentation distance increase

Hansma¹,

Turner²,

Drake³

et al. 2008

Review of Scientific Instruments

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The bone diagnostic instrument ͑BDI͒ is being developed with the long-term goal of providing a way for researchers and clinicians to measure bone material properties of human bone in vivo. Such measurements could contribute to the overall assessment of bone fragility in the future. Here, we describe an improved BDI, the Osteoprobe II™. In the Osteoprobe II™, the probe assembly, which is designed to penetrate soft tissue, consists of a reference probe ͑a 22 gauge hypodermic needle͒ and a test probe ͑a small diameter, sharpened rod͒ which slides through the inside of the reference probe. The probe assembly is inserted through the skin to rest on the bone. The distance that the test probe is indented into the bone can be measured relative to the position of the reference probe. At this stage of development, the indentation distance increase ͑IDI͒ with repeated cycling to a fixed force appears to best distinguish bone that is more easily fractured from bone that is less easily fractured. Specifically, in three model systems, in which previous mechanical testing and/or tests reported here found degraded mechanical properties such as toughness and postyield strain, the BDI found increased IDI. However, it must be emphasized that, at this time, neither the IDI nor any other mechanical measurement by any technique has been shown clinically to correlate with fracture risk. Further, we do not yet understand the mechanism responsible for determining IDI beyond noting that it is a measure of the continuing damage that results from repeated loading. As such, it is more a measure of plasticity than elasticity in the bone.

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Section: Indentation Distance Increasementioning

confidence: 99%

The bone diagnostic instrument II: Indentation distance increase

Hansma¹,

Turner²,

Drake³

et al. 2008

Review of Scientific Instruments

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show abstract

“…30 We have recently shown that shearing in the interfibrillar matrix is also a fundamental deformation mechanism in bone. 6 The helicoidal arrangement of fibrils in osteons is seen by the average angle over all cholesteric layers being different from zero ͑Fig. 3͒.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Different approaches have been taken in solving these questions on different length scales, from static structure investigations 5 to in situ mechanical testing. 6 Compact bone, which is found in the cylindrical shells of most long bones in vertebrates, consists of lamellae that are cylindrically wrapped around blood vessels ͑Haversian systems or secondary osteons͒. These secondary osteons, whose mechanical properties are crucial to the structural stability of the entire bone, form during bone remodelling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiral twisting of fiber orientation inside bone lamellae

et al. 2006

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The secondary osteon — a fundamental building block in compact bone — is a multilayered cylindrical structure of mineralized collagen fibrils arranged around a blood vessel. Functionally, the osteon must be adapted to the in vivo mechanical stresses in bone at the level of its microstructure. However, questions remain about the precise mechanism by which this is achieved. By application of scanning x-ray diffraction with a micron-sized synchrotron beam, along with measurements of local mineral crystallographic axis direction, we reconstruct the three-dimensional orientation of the mineralized fibrils within a single osteon lamella (∼5 μm). We find that the mineralized collagen fibrils spiral around the central axis with varying degrees of tilt, which would — structurally — impart high extensibility to the osteon. As a consequence, strains inside the osteon would have to be taken up by means of shear between the fibrils.

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“…Due to the young age, no secondary osteons ("Haversian systems") are expected to be present. Although a detailed quantitative description of the deformation mechanisms of bone at the nanoscale remains unclear, several mechanisms have been proposed [1,[7][8][9]. In addition, the influence of the environment on the mechanical properties of compact bone is still not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%