Nanopoxia: Targeting Cancer Hypoxia by Antimonene‐Based Nanoplatform for Precision Cancer Therapy

Abstract

Most anticancer drugs with broad toxicities are systematically administrated to cancer patients and their distribution in tumors is extremely low owing to hypoxia, which compromises the therapeutic efficacies of these cancer drugs. Consequently, a preponderant proportion of cancer drugs is distributed in off-target-healthy tissues, which often causes severe adverse effects. Precision cancer therapy without overdosing patients with drugs remains one of the most challenging issues in cancer therapy. Here, a novel concept of nanopoxia is presented, which is a tumor-hypoxia-based photodynamic nanoplatform for the release of therapeutic agents to achieve precision cancer therapy. Under tumor hypoxia, exposure of tumors to laser irradiation induces the fracture of polymer outer shell and produces anticancer reactive oxygen species, and switches 2D antimonene (Sb) nanomaterials to cytotoxic trivalent antimony to synergistically kill tumors. In preclinical cancer models, delivery of Sb nanomaterials to mice virtually ablates tumor growth without producing any detectable adverse effects. Mechanistically, the tumor hypoxiatriggered generation of trivalent antimony displays direct damaging effects on cancer cells and suppression of tumor angiogenesis. Together, the study provides a proof-of-concept of hypoxia-based precision cancer therapy by developing a novel nanoplatform that offers multifarious mechanisms of cancer eradication.

NIR-II Responsive Molybdenum Dioxide Nanosystem Manipulating Cellular Immunogenicity for Enhanced Tumor Photoimmunotherapy

“…It is noticed that the expression of caspase 8 is obviously inhibited by MoO 2 -inh (Figure H), which is a phenomenon closely related to the above-mentioned ICD markers, confirming caspase 8-inhibition significantly promotes the immunogenicity of tumor cells during NIR-II PTT. Interestingly, ER stress-induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is also reported to contribute to the immunogenicity of dying cells. , We measured the intracellular ROS using 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining, , confirming the ROS production induced by M-i+L treatment (Figure S10). Therefore, MoO 2 -inh efficiently manipulates the dead cancer cells from apoptosis to more immunogenic death forms during NIR-II PTT, offering a better availability for NIR-II photoimmunotherapy.…”

“…As displayed in Figure 2D Interestingly, ER stress-induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is also reported to contribute to the immunogenicity of dying cells. 48,49 We measured the intracellular ROS using 2,7dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining, 50,51 confirming the ROS production induced by M-i+L treatment (Figure S10). Therefore, MoO 2 -inh efficiently manipulates the dead cancer cells from apoptosis to more immunogenic death forms during NIR-II PTT, offering a better availability for NIR-II photoimmunotherapy.…”

Recent advances in smart nanoplatforms for tumor non-interventional embolization therapy

“…The main mechanism of tumor blood vessel embolization in inhibiting tumor neovascularization and inducing tumor cell apoptosis is breaking up the supply of tumor nutrients and oxygen. The deprivation of oxygen would make the tumor more hypoxic, which can be an attractive target for tumor targeted therapy [ 28 – 31 ]. Hence, Ma et al developed metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles with the capacity of active tumor targeting to coencapsulate coagulation-inducing protease Th and a hypoxia-activated prodrug (HAP) tirapazamine (TPZ) [ 32 ].…”

Advances of bioactive tellurium nanomaterials in anti-cancer phototherapy

“…In addition, some works on the preparation of other 2D nanomaterials provide other possibilities for the synthesis of 2D tellurene, which require further verification. For example, a bismuthene nano-heterojunction was prepared by solvothermal reaction, 84 and antimony was prepared by ultrasonication, 85 which inspired us to think about the preparation of 2D tellurene with a similar structure.…”

“…A 2D Bi/BiO X lateral nano-heterostructure with similar structure to tellurene was shown to exhibit effective tumor ablation caused by ROS at 660 nm, 123 and antimonene realized PDT under 660 nm and PTT under 808 nm, 124 Jiang et al 63 found that Te nanomaterials exhibit photodynamic effects at 473, 660, and 808 nm, which lays a good foundation of Te nanomaterials to be used for PDT in NIR region to achieve deeper penetration depths.…”