Nanoplasmonic multiplex biosensing for COVID-19 vaccines

Sandwich-like electrochemical aptasensing of heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70): Application in diagnosis/prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

“…Many biosensors, such as aptasensors, immunosensors, and other types, have been designed to diagnose COVID-19 (detecting of related genes, antigens, and antibodies) [ [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] ]. Using these aptasensors as an alternative approach to substitute expensive and highly limited methods such as RT-PCR can play a beneficial role in controlling epidemics in the future [ 37 ].…”

Sensitivity-enhanced nanoplasmonic biosensor using direct immobilization of two engineered nanobodies for SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain detection

“…Advanced nanotechnology-based biosensors based on nanomaterials and metal–organic frameworks can play an active role in COVID-19 diagnosis and virus infection control [18] , [19] . Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) technology can realize highly sensitive, label-free, and easily accessible biosensing through refractive index (RI) changes generated by binding biomolecules around metal nanostructures [20] , [21] . The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is a highly specific target and is suitable for identifying Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants [11] , [22] .…”

Endorsing a Hidden Plasmonic Mode for Enhancement of LSPR Sensing Performance in Evolved Metal–insulator Geometry Using an Unsupervised Machine Learning Algorithm

“…For instance, the array of gold nanoparticles deposited on the glass surfaces, often referred as nanoislands (NI), is used as a robust platform for a range of bio/chemical sensing applications both in academia and in industry. − The major chemical advantage of the material gold over other materials is to provide antioxidation properties to the surface while the spherical shape is easy to fabricate in large arrays, and which is also reported to aid in enhanced immobilization of the biomolecules . However, despite the advantages, the spherical shaped nanostructures are less sensitive to changes in the refractive index as compared to some other shapes such as nanoscale stars, pyramids, spikes, rods, and many others . Amidst these shapes, one easy to develop new geometry from NI, by following simple post processing of the large-area NI, is mushroom shaped nanostructures, hereafter called nanomushrooms (NM) .…”