Nanoparticles and Vaccine Development

Abstract

In spite of the progress of conventional vaccines, improvements are required due to concerns about the low immunogenicity of the toxicity, instability, and the need for multiple administrations of the vaccines. To overcome the mentioned problems, nanotechnology has recently been incorporated into vaccine development. Nanotechnology increasingly plays an important role in vaccine development nanocarrier-based delivery systems that offer an opportunity to increase the cellular and humoral immune responses. The use of nanoparticles in vaccine formulations allows not only enhanced immunogenicity and stability of antigen, but also targeted delivery and slow release. Over the past decade, nanoscale size materials such as virus-like particles, liposomes, ISCOMs, polymeric, inorganic nanoparticles and emulsions have gained attention as potential delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens, which can both stabilize vaccine antigens and act as adjuvants. This advantage is attributable to the nanoscale particle size, which facilitates uptake by Antigen- Presenting Cells (APCs), then leading to efficient antigen recognition and presentation. Modifying the surfaces of nanoparticles with different targeting moieties permits the delivery of antigens to specific receptors on the cell surface, thereby stimulating selective and specific immune responses. This review provides an overview of recent advances in nanovaccinology.

Application prospect of polysaccharides in the development of anti-novel coronavirus drugs and vaccines

“…Nanoparticles can be designed as an efficient delivery system to increase the activity of low toxicity vaccines against the host [ 125 ]. The application of nanoparticles in vaccine formulations can not only improve the immunogenicity and stability of antigen, but also achieve targeted delivery and sustained release [ 126 ]. Nanomaterials may have intrinsic immunomodulatory functions, acting as adjuvants or immune potentiators [ 127 ].…”

Methodical Design of Viral Vaccines Based on Avant-Garde Nanocarriers: A Multi-Domain Narrative Review

“…Nevertheless, it is more applicable than ISCOMs due to its potency to remove the limitation of hydrophobic antigens. Antigens added later to the preformed ISCOMATRIX particles can be employed to entrap hydrophilic antigens [ 84 , 85 ]. Several research groups have published the usage of different antigens for forming ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX vaccines, including antigens derived from HIV [ 84 , 85 ], HPV, Newcastle disease, and influenza [ 86 , 87 ].…”

Protamine – A Review on an Oligonucleotide-Binding Peptide Applied in Nanopharmaceuticals including Vaccines

“…Nanocarriers composed of metals, lipids, polymers or proteins are gaining more and more attention as potential delivery systems for antigens, which would also offer an adjuvant effect (Kheirollahpour et al 2019).…”