Nanoparticle Surface Functionalization: How to Improve Biocompatibility and Cellular Internalization

Sanità, Gennaro; Carrese, Barbara; Lamberti, Annalisa

doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.587012

Cited by 263 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 212 publications

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“…Besides, a light stimulus would be more effective if the targeted tissues are distinguished from the healthy ones. Therefore, the idea of modifying LRNs with different moieties and ligands search for site-specific cargo delivery imparting stealth effects and/or eliciting specific cellular interactions to improve the nanosystems' safety and efficacy [162,163].…”

Section: Functional Nanocarriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Functionalized Photosensitive Polymeric Nanocarriers

Fernández

Orozco

2021

Polymers

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The synthesis of light-responsive nanocarriers (LRNs) with a variety of surface functional groups and/or ligands has been intensively explored for space-temporal controlled cargo release. LRNs have been designed on demand for photodynamic-, photothermal-, chemo-, and radiotherapy, protected delivery of bioactive molecules, such as smart drug delivery systems and for theranostic duties. LRNs trigger the release of cargo by a light stimulus. The idea of modifying LRNs with different moieties and ligands search for site-specific cargo delivery imparting stealth effects and/or eliciting specific cellular interactions to improve the nanosystems’ safety and efficacy. This work reviews photoresponsive polymeric nanocarriers and photo-stimulation mechanisms, surface chemistry to link ligands and characterization of the resultant nanosystems. It summarizes the interesting biomedical applications of functionalized photo-controlled nanocarriers, highlighting the current challenges and opportunities of such high-performance photo-triggered delivery systems.

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Section: Functional Nanocarriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Functionalized Photosensitive Polymeric Nanocarriers

Fernández

Orozco

2021

Polymers

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“…The surface functionalization of NPs is strongly correlated with the cellular uptake and the subcellular location. The functionalization can be achieved by coating NPs surface with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or by attaching on their surface antibodies, phospholipids, polymers and other biomolecular linkers depending on chemical moiety that is over expressed in each type of cancer cell [43,44]. The NPs should overcome several extra-and intracellular barriers to reach their target cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Requirements for Designing an Effective Metallic Nanoparticle (NP)-Boosted Radiation Therapy (RT)

Tremi

Spyratou

Souli

et al. 2021

Cancers

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Many different tumor-targeted strategies are under development worldwide to limit the side effects and improve the effectiveness of cancer therapies. One promising method is to enhance the radiosensitization of the cancer cells while reducing or maintaining the normal tissue complication probability during radiation therapy using metallic nanoparticles (NPs). Radiotherapy with MV photons is more commonly available and applied in cancer clinics than high LET particle radiotherapy, so the addition of high-Z NPs has the potential to further increase the efficacy of photon radiotherapy in terms of NP radiosensitization. Generally, when using X-rays, mainly the inner electron shells are ionized, which creates cascades of both low and high energy Auger electrons. When using high LET particles, mainly the outer shells are ionized, which give electrons with lower energies than when using X-rays. The amount of the produced low energy electrons is higher when exposing NPs to heavy charged particles than when exposing them to X-rays. Since ions traverse the material along tracks, and therefore give rise to a much more inhomogeneous dose distributions than X-rays, there might be a need to introduce a higher number of NPs when using ions compared to when using X-rays to create enough primary and secondary electrons to get the desired dose escalations. This raises the questions of toxicity. This paper provides a review of the fundamental processes controlling the outcome of metallic NP-boosted photon beam and ion beam radiation therapy and presents some experimental procedures to study the biological effects of NPs’ radiosensitization. The overview shows the need for more systematic studies of the behavior of NPs when exposed to different kinds of ionizing radiation before applying metallic-based NPs in clinical practice to improve the effect of IR therapy.

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“…On the other hand, when the IONP-doped CPNs were injected intracranially into the tumor zone, nanoparticle accumulation is appreciated as a dark or hypointense area further demonstrating the ability of CPNs to act as contrast agents. Taking consideration of the amenable surface-functionalization of CPNs to target specific cells, bioconjugation with ligands, aptamers, peptides or antibodies towards BBB receptors represent the next challenge to mediate transcytosis and overcome these barriers to penetrate the brain and finally reach the tumor cells [ 46 , 47 , 48 ]. It is important to highlight here that there is only one site where the nervous system of mammals is directly exposed to the external environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Oxide Incorporated Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Use in Magnetic Resonance and Fluorescent Imaging of Brain Tumors

et al. 2021

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Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) have emerged as advanced polymeric nanoplatforms in biomedical applications by virtue of extraordinary properties including high fluorescence brightness, large absorption coefficients of one and two-photons, and excellent photostability and colloidal stability in water and physiological medium. In addition, low cytotoxicity, easy functionalization, and the ability to modify CPN photochemical properties by the incorporation of dopants, convert them into excellent theranostic agents with multifunctionality for imaging and treatment. In this work, CPNs were designed and synthesized by incorporating a metal oxide magnetic core (Fe3O4 and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles, 5 nm) into their matrix during the nanoprecipitation method. This modification allowed the in vivo monitoring of nanoparticles in animal models using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intravital fluorescence, techniques widely used for intracranial tumors evaluation. The modified CPNs were assessed in vivo in glioblastoma (GBM) bearing mice, both heterotopic and orthotopic developed models. Biodistribution studies were performed with MRI acquisitions and fluorescence images up to 24 h after the i.v. nanoparticles administration. The resulting IONP-doped CPNs were biocompatible in GBM tumor cells in vitro with an excellent cell incorporation depending on nanoparticle concentration exposure. IONP-doped CPNs were detected in tumor and excretory organs of the heterotopic GBM model after i.v. and i.t. injection. However, in the orthotopic GBM model, the size of the nanoparticles is probably hindering a higher effect on intratumorally T2-weighted images (T2WI) signals and T2 values. The photodynamic therapy (PDT)—cytotoxicity of CPNs was not either affected by the IONPs incorporation into the nanoparticles.

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Nanoparticle Surface Functionalization: How to Improve Biocompatibility and Cellular Internalization

Cited by 263 publications

References 212 publications

Advances in Functionalized Photosensitive Polymeric Nanocarriers

Advances in Functionalized Photosensitive Polymeric Nanocarriers

Requirements for Designing an Effective Metallic Nanoparticle (NP)-Boosted Radiation Therapy (RT)

Iron Oxide Incorporated Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Use in Magnetic Resonance and Fluorescent Imaging of Brain Tumors

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