Nanometer-sized materials for solid-phase extraction of trace elements

Abstract

This review presents a comprehensive update on the state-of-the-art of nanometer-sized materials in solid-phase extraction (SPE) of trace elements followed by atomic-spectrometry detection. Zero-dimensional nanomaterials (fullerene), one-dimensional nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, inorganic nanotubes, and nanowires), two-dimensional nanomaterials (nanofibers), and three-dimensional nanomaterials (nanoparticles, mesoporous nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and dendrimers) for SPE are discussed, with their application for trace-element analysis and their speciation in different matrices. A variety of other novel SPE sorbents, including restricted-access sorbents, ion-imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks, are also discussed, although their applications in trace-element analysis are relatively scarce so far.

Speciation of inorganic selenium in environmental samples after suspended dispersive solid phase microextraction combined with inductively coupled plasma spectrometric determination

“…In addition, our research team has been working on the separation and preconcentration of trace metals using modified nanometer-sized metal oxides as adsorbent combined with atomic spectrometric techniques [16,17]. According to a recent review by Hu et al [18], the use of nanometer-sized materials as adsorbent has increased significantly. This is because these adsorbents display unique size and physical properties that result to high surface area and more activated sites for metal adsorption [18].…”

“…According to a recent review by Hu et al [18], the use of nanometer-sized materials as adsorbent has increased significantly. This is because these adsorbents display unique size and physical properties that result to high surface area and more activated sites for metal adsorption [18].…”

Zeolite/iron oxide composite as sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes from water samples prior to gas chromatography⬜mass spectrometry

“…Then, a proper solvent is employed to elute and recover the analyte for further determination [8]. Several sorbents with different properties have been employed in SPE, including inorganic oxides, porous polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers, biosorbents or nanomaterials [8][9][10]. In addition, some publications have reported the use of zeolites for the preconcentration of inorganic [11][12][13] and organic [14,15] analytes.…”

Preparation, characterization and application of Saussurea tridactyla Sch-Bip as green adsorbents for preconcentration of rare earth elements in environmental water samples

“…Among them, SPE approaches are the most commonly used alternatives as they offer high enrichment factor, fast and simple operation, rapid phase separation, and easy automation [16][17][18]. It is well-known that SPE materials decide the sensitivity and selectivity of the SPE-based method.…”