“…It is generally agreed that the physicochemical properties of particle, including particle size, surface hydrophobicity, surface charge, shape, elasticity, and stability of particles in the gastrointestinal tract, play a critical role in the particle uptake of mucosal surfaces (Mao, Cun, & Kawashima, ). Depend on the physicochemical properties of amoxicillin nps, it is thought that some drugs release from the nps cross the enterocytes by passive diffusion, while other intact nps are internalized into the intestinal epithelium cell bypassing the P‐gp efflux pump, and then, both of them are transported to the systemic circulation via the portal vein (Sim et al., ). Also, NaAlg, involved in the nps formulation, is a P‐gp inhibitor (Amin, ), and it can play a role to enhance drug absorption.…”