Nanomedicines based on nanoscale metal-organic frameworks for cancer immunotherapy

Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy, with an aim to enhance host immune responses, has been recognized as a promising therapeutic treatment for cancer. A diversity of immunomodulatory agents, including tumor-associated antigens, adjuvants, cytokines and immunomodulators, has been explored for their ability to induce a cascading adaptive immune response. Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs), a class of crystalline-shaped nanomaterials formed by the self-assembly of organic ligands and metal nodes, are attractive for cancer immunotherapy because they feature tunable pore size, high surface area and loading capacity, and intrinsic biodegradability. In this review we summarize recent progress in the development of nMOFs for cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccine delivery and combination of in situ vaccination with immunomodulators to reverse immune suppression. Current challenges and future perspectives for rational design of nMOF-based cancer immunotherapy are also discussed.

Cracking the immune fingerprint of metal–organic frameworks

“…Through the immune system's machinery, specific recognition/target or elimination of pathological tumoral cells along with refined immunological memory has been feasible. [1,2] While it is often associated with cancer, immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is also serving as a benchmark to other diseases (e.g. autoimmunity diseases, macular degeneration, allergies, etc.…”

Metal-organic frameworks for virus detection

“…Functional modifications of MOF (post-synthetic modification (PSM), post-synthetic deprotection (PSD), and post-synthetic exchange (PSE)) have also been explored and developed ( Ali Akbar Razavi and Morsali, 2019 ; Allendorf et al, 2009 ; Liu et al, 2012 ; Sun and Zhou, 2015 ). MOFs with advantages of large specific surface area, high porosity, fluorescence quenching, high loading efficiency, easy functionalization, and tunable pore size ( Agostoni et al, 2015 ; Li et al, 1999 ; Rowsell and Yaghi, 2004 ) have gained considerable attention in many aspects, such as adsorption ( Ghanbari et al, 2020 ), separation ( Tang and Tanase, 2020 ), catalysis ( Li et al, 2019a ), energy storage ( Li et al, 2020a ), biosensing and bioimaging ( Carrasco, 2018 ; Li et al, 2020b ; Wang, 2017 ; Yang et al, 2019a ), drug delivery ( He et al, 2019b ; Wang et al, 2020a , Wang et al, 2020b ; Wu and Yang, 2017 ; Yang et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2020a ; Zhong et al, 2019 ), cancer immunotherapy ( Zhong et al, 2019 ; Zhong and Sun, 2020 ), etc. Among them, biosensing is a promising direction with the following advantages: (1) large specific surface areas and high porosity for probe adsorption and fluorescence quenching ( Luo et al, 2020b ); (2) adjustable pores with particular shape and sizes via building blocks with different lengths ( Deng et al, 2012 ); (3) the selectivity enabled by the specific pore size allowing small molecules enter while excluding large molecules ( Guo et al, 2015 ); (4) the abundant functional groups and positively charged metal ions provide various interactions, such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking for adsorption of fluorophore-labeled probes ( Zhang et al, 2014a ); ( Fig.…”

Bioengineering of nano metal-organic frameworks for cancer immunotherapy

“…Indeed, there is not much rat oral LD50 data available for most of nMOFs ligands. Current data include low toxic ligands 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (1,4-BDC, 5 g/kg), benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (H3BTC, 8.4 g/kg), 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate (1,3-BTCs, 10.4 g/kg), 1-methylimidazole (1.13 g/kg) and 2-methylimidazole (1.4 g/kg) [64,66]. Studies have demonstrated that the toxicity of nMOFs can be controlled to an acceptable level of biological safety [67,68].…”