Nanomedicine and Onco-Immunotherapy: From the Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers

Abstract

<jats:p>The broad relationship between the immune system and cancer is opening a new hallmark to explore for nanomedicine. Here, all the common and synergy points between both areas are reviewed and described, and the recent approaches which show the progress from the bench to the beside to biomarkers developed in nanomedicine and onco-immunotherapy.</jats:p>

Nanomedicine-Mediated Optimization of Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Cervical Cancer

“…Nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving combination of science and technology that has contributed immensely to fields, such as energy, engineering, electronics, environmental sciences and medicine, owing to the employment of nano-scale particles possessing interchangeable physicochemical properties such as variable size, optical properties, conductivity, elasticity or resistance [84]. The application of nanotechnology to medicine and health sciences birthed an interdisciplinary field combining biology with nanoscience and nanoengineering, termed nanomedicine [85].…”

“…Nanomedicine can be characterized into three broad categories: regenerative medicine, nano-diagnosis and nano-therapy (Figure 5). Regenerative medicine utilizes nanomaterials such as carbon nanostructures, diamond polymers, polymeric nanoparticles and silica nanoparticles to replace or repair damaged tissues or organs through surface modeling [84,87]. In nano-diagnostics, nanoparticles are used both in vitro and in vivo as imaging sensors to detect abnormal cells or diseases that can be detected outside of the host in biological fluids [85].…”

“…In nano-diagnostics, nanoparticles are used both in vitro and in vivo as imaging sensors to detect abnormal cells or diseases that can be detected outside of the host in biological fluids [85]. Single-photon emission computed tomography, MRI, PET and computed tomography allow the nanoparticles to target and adhere to specific cells and create a contrast for comparison [84]. Hence nanoparticles may also pave the way for early detection, diagnosis and treatment in cervical cancer [88].…”

“…Biocompatibility studies between the host environment and nanomaterials are essential to ensure the safe and effective uptake and release of the immunotherapeutic agents, with minimal side effects. This can be achieved by modifying the nanoparticles' surface to prevent undesirable interactions within the host cell, phagocytosis and a decrease in the therapeutic bioavailability [84]. The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) creates a hydrated cloud around the nanoparticle's surface, which prevents the interaction of foreign substances with the nanocarrier [94].…”

Advances in Nanomaterials in Biomedicine

“…A detailed and well-illustrated review on the main problems of nanomedicine in onco-immunotherapy was presented by Acebes-Fernández and co-authors [ 1 ]. It should be noted that the review is not limited to onco-immunotherapy, and gives a complete understanding of nanomedicine in general, which is useful for those new to this field.…”