Nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles for therapeutic cancer vaccine development

Abstract

Nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles such as lipid-based, polymer-based, inorganics-based, and bio-inspired vehicles often carry distinct and attractive advantages in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. Based on various delivery vehicles, specifically designed nanomaterials-based vaccines are highly advantageous in boosting therapeutic and prophylactic antitumor immunities. Specifically, therapeutic vaccines featuring unique properties have made major contributions to the enhancement of antigen immunogenicity, encapsulation efficiency, biocompatibility, and stability, as well as promoting antigen cross-presentation and specific CD8 + T cell responses. However, for clinical applications, tumor-associated antigen-derived vaccines could be an obstacle, involving immune tolerance and deficiency of tumor specificities, in achieving maximum therapeutic indices. However, when using bioinformatics predictions with emerging innovations of in silico tools, neoantigen-based therapeutic vaccines might become potent personalized vaccines for tumor treatments. In this review, we summarize the development of preclinical therapeutic cancer vaccines and the advancements of nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapies, which provide the basis for a personalized vaccine delivery platform. Moreover, we review the existing challenges and future perspectives of nanomaterial-based personalized vaccines for novel tumor immunotherapies.

Bibliometric analysis of the 100 top-cited articles on immunotherapy of urological cancer

“…Novel nanoparticle-based delivery systems such as lipid based, polymer based, inorganics based, and bio-inspired delivery systems have been explored as potential delivery tools. 44 In conclusion, neoantigen-based cancer vaccines will be a promising approach in the future. More work needs to be done to identify the different vaccine platforms and combination therapies to break tumor tolerance and induce long-lasting immunity.…”

Polymer-Based Nanosystems—A Versatile Delivery Approach

“…Due to their extraordinary versatility, polymers play more than just transporter roles in vaccine formulations. Polymeric nanoparticles may possess the dual capability of being both the adjuvant and delivery vehicle, helping in controlled antigen release, inducing rapid and long-lived immunity, prolonging shelf-life at elevated temperatures, enhancing patient compliance, and enabling the rapid development of vaccines for newly emerging infectious disease viruses [10,65,75,310].…”

“…A variety of polymeric carriers have been investigated for protecting antigens from proteolytic degradation, enhancing antigen entrapment, obtaining a desirable release profile, and targeting antigen-presenting cells (APCs) [144,147,283,[314][315][316] (Figure 8). both the adjuvant and delivery vehicle, helping in controlled antigen release, inducing rapid and long-lived immunity, prolonging shelf-life at elevated temperatures, enhancing patient compliance, and enabling the rapid development of vaccines for newly emerging infectious disease viruses [10,65,75,310].…”

“…Either used alone, in blends, or combined with other types of materials, polymer-based nanoparticles can offer protection to the attached cargos, prolong their circulation time, ensure controlled and targeted release, and enhance cellular uptake efficiency [6,[9][10][11][12]. Moreover, certain polymers' innate antimicrobial, antitumor, or immunostimulant properties can amplify therapeutic outcomes of corresponding incorporated drugs and vaccines [13][14][15][16].…”

Antigen Capture and Immune Modulation by Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles as In Situ Vaccine for Cancer Immunotherapy Post‐Photothermal Therapy

“…[1,2] The heat-damaged tumor cells will release the tumor antigens that can activate the tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), which are critical to completely eliminate the residual OMVs can effectively trigger maturation of APCs and have been employed as immune adjuvant for tumor treatment. [11,12] Furthermore, the nanosize and foreign identity endow OMVs with properties of lymph node drainage and recognition by dendritic cells (DCs). [13,14] Moreover, OMVs can co-deliver other immune regulatory agents via either genetic engineering or chemical modification.…”