Nanomaterial-Based Antimicrobial Coating for Biomedical Implants: New Age Solution for Biofilm-Associated Infections

Abstract

Recently, the upsurge in hospital-acquired diseases has put global health at risk. Biomedical implants being the primary source of contamination, the development of biomedical implants with antimicrobial coatings has attracted the attention of a large group of researchers from around the globe. Bacteria develops biofilms on the surface of implants, making it challenging to eradicate them with the standard approach of administering antibiotics. A further issue of current concern is the fast resurgence of resistance to conventional antibiotics. As nanotechnology continues to advance, various types of nanomaterials have been created, including 2D nanoparticles and metal and metal oxide nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties. Researchers from all over the world are using these materials as a coating agent for biomedical implants to create an antimicrobial environment. This comprehensive and contemporary review summarizes various metals, metal oxide nanoparticles, 2D nanomaterials, and their composites that have been used or may be used in the future as an antimicrobial coating agent for biomedical implants, as well as their succinct mode of action to combat biofilm-associated infection and diseases.

Viologen Cross-Linked Chitosan Hydrogel as Biobased Antiseptic Surface-Coating Materials

“…Oppositely, an increase in the intensity of C�N at 1639 cm −1 has been noticed along with the persistence of the two signals at 556 and 840 cm −1 , unambiguously assignable to the PF 6 anion (Figure S1). Solidstate 13 C and 31 P NMR further corroborate the covalent anchorage of viologen on the polysaccharide framework (Figure 2 and Figure S2). In solid-state 13 C NMR, complete disappearance of terminal aldehyde (CHO) of the viologen units at 191 ppm along with the appearance of the imine carbon peak (C�N) at 166 ppm confirms the creation of new imine linkage between the two entities.…”

“…Solidstate 13 C and 31 P NMR further corroborate the covalent anchorage of viologen on the polysaccharide framework (Figure 2 and Figure S2). In solid-state 13 C NMR, complete disappearance of terminal aldehyde (CHO) of the viologen units at 191 ppm along with the appearance of the imine carbon peak (C�N) at 166 ppm confirms the creation of new imine linkage between the two entities. The peaks expected for 4,4′-bipyridinium rings between 121 and 149 ppm could be hardly recognized, but their intensity increases with increasing the molar ratio of Vio 1 engaged in the initial mixture, from 5% to 10% and 15% (Figure 2a).…”

“…Infrared spectra of CS@Vio n -5%-p (Figure S1); MAS 13 C solid-state NMR of CS-p and CS@Vio 1 -15%-p (Figure S2); UV−vis spectroscopy of CS@Vio n -5%-p (Figure S3); SEM images and EDX of CS@Vio n -5%-p (Figure S4); Digital photos of surface glass treated by spraying a solution of CS@Vio 1 -5%-p (Figure S5); Digital photos illustrating color changes upon reduction of CS@Vio 1 -5%-p by NaBH 4 (Figure S6); Infrared spectra of CS@Vio 1 -5%-p after reduction by NaBH 4 and NaBH 3 CN (Figure S7); 13 C and 31 P MAS NMR spectra of CS@Vio 1 -5%-p after reduction by NaBH 4 (Figure S8); Digital photos of CS@Vio n -1%-f, CS@Vio n -3%-f and CS@Vio n -5%-f (Figure S9); Infrared spectra of CS@Vio n -5%-f (Figure S10); UV−vis spectroscopy of CS@Vio n -1%-f (Figure S11); SEM images and EDX of CS@Vio 1 -5%-f (Figure S12); Infrared spectra of CS@ Vio n -1%-M-f (Figure S13); Antibacterial activity of CS@ Vio n -1%-Ag-f (Figure S14); Hemolysis of erythrocytes cells after incubation with CS@Vio n -x%-f and CS@Vio n -x%-M-f (Figure S15); Infrared spectra of CS@Vio 1 -5%m (Figure S16) (PDF)…”

“…NMR spectra were recorded with Bruker AV 400 and 400 spectrometers. 13 C and 31 P cross-polarization (CP) magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra were acquired on a Bruker Avance 400 WB spectrometer ( 13 C: 100 MHz and 31 P: 162 MHz) under cross-polarization conditions. Diffuse reflectance UV−visible spectroscopy (DRUV) was measured in the 200−800 nm wavelength range on a PerkinElmer Lambda 1050 spectrometer equipped with an integrating sphere.…”

Iodine-Doped 3D Print Ti Alloy for Antibacterial Therapy on Orthopedic Implants

“…Despite these advantages of 3D-printed titanium alloys, postorthopedic surgical infections remain a catastrophic complication of orthopedic surgery, causing significant mental and financial damage to patients. , The main cause of these infections is bacteria adhering and multiplying on the implant surface and forming a biofilm. , Once bacteria form a biofilm on the implant surface, they resist the immune system’s defense and become resistant to the drug. – To avoid infection, patients have to take high doses of oral or injectable antibiotics for a long time after surgery to prevent infection. , The antibiotics taken usually work systemically and cause some damage to the body but are not effective enough to act on the surgical site. Therefore, due to the challenges in the treatment of antibiotic-mediated infections, there is an urgent need for antibiotic-free approaches to combat bacterial infections to provide more effective and safer antimicrobial therapy.…”