Nanomagnetic logic clocked in the MHz regime

Becherer, Markus; Kiermaier, Josef; Breitkreutz, Stephan; Eichwald, Irina; Csaba, G.; Schmitt‐Landsiedel, D.

doi:10.1109/essderc.2013.6818872

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…ing behavior is described by a probability density function (PDF) [15,18]. As described in section 2, the coupling fields of the input magnets superpose with the field pulse and therefore shift the PDF up or down.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to switching field distributions (SFDs) caused by the influence of thermal noise and fabrication variations of the ANC from dot to dot, the residual clocking window for complex NML circuits is noticeably reduced [15,[18][19][20]. Hence, it is fundamental to precisely control the location and the strength of the ANC by size and dose of the partial FIB irradiation [5,9].…”

Section: Theory Of Perpendicular Nmlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current wires [13] and spin transfer torque (STT) devices [14] are envisioned as I/O elements for electrical circuitry integration. An integrated on-chip coil generates perpendicular magnetic fields which operate as both power supply and clock generator [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

1-Bit Full Adder in Perpendicular Nanomagnetic Logic using a Novel 5-Input Majority Gate

Breitkreutz

Eichwald

Kiermaier

et al. 2014

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. In this paper, we show that perpendicular Nanomagnetic Logic (pNML) is particularly suitable to realize threshold logic gate (TLG)-based circuits. Exemplarily, a 1-bit full adder circuit using a novel 5-input majority gate based on TLGs is experimentally demonstrated. The theory of pNML and its extension by TLGs is introduced, illustrating the great benefit of pNML. Majority gates based on coupling field superposition enable weighting each input by its geometry and distance to the output. Only 5 magnets, combined in two logic gates with a footprint of 1.95 μm 2 and powered by a perpendicular clocking field, are required for operation. MFM and magneto-optical measurements demonstrate the functionality of the fabricated structure. Experimental results substantiate the feasibility and the benefits of the combination of threshold logic with pNML.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theory Of Perpendicular Nmlmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

1-Bit Full Adder in Perpendicular Nanomagnetic Logic using a Novel 5-Input Majority Gate

Breitkreutz

Eichwald

Kiermaier

et al. 2014

EPJ Web of Conferences

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“…6,7 Information processing is clocked by an alternating, pulsed magnetic field, which is generated by on-chip coils. 3,7,8 Digital data processing by superposing coupling fields between interacting magnets favor majority gate-based logic and are furthermore highly suitable for the implementation of 3D-integrated circuits. 2,9 Recently, a 3D-integrated majority gate has been experimentally demonstrated, indicating the potential of 3D pNML.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-dependent domain wall nucleation probability in field-coupled nanomagnets with perpendicular anisotropy

Breitkreutz

Fischer

Kaffah

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physics

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In this paper, the domain wall (DW) nucleation time and the DW nucleation probability of field-coupled magnets with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are measured by experiment. A well-established Arrhenius model based on thermally activated magnetization reversal is applied to describe the time-dependent DW nucleation probability. Magneto-optical microscopy(MOKE) is used in the experiments to determine the DW nucleation time and the DW nucleation probability in a pNML inverter structure. The DW propagation speed is measured in order to calculate the required DW propagation time for entire magnetization reversal of pNML logic gates. Experimental results are compared to the derived model. Our results show that the interaction in pNML logic gates plays a significant role for the time-dependent DW nucleation probability and therefore for the reliability of field-coupled circuits.

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“…The switching process is based on domain wall (DW) nucleation in the weakest spot followed by DW propagation through the entire magnet [3]. The switching energy is provided by an alternating perpendicular magnetic clocking field [4]. Controlled DW nucleation is ensured by creating an artificial nucleation center (ANC) with local focused ion beam (FIB) irradiation [3,5], which however causes large fabrication variations, requires an additional process step and is difficult to implement on wafer processes [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micromagnetic simulation of nanomagnets with geometry-tuned domain wall nucleation

Kaiser

Kiechle

Ziemys

et al. 2017

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

Self Cite

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Abstract. In this work we show the feasibility of tuning the domain wall nucleation by changing the geometry of nanomagnets using shadowing effects. Therefore, micromagnetic simulations based on a three-dimensional model of the nanomagnetic structures have been performed. Atomic force microscopy and anisotropy measurements on fabricated Co/Ptnanomagnets are used to calibrate the model. It is shown that an increasing gradient due to shadowing effects decreases the switching field of the nanomagnets. By varying the nanomagnet geometry, the switching field can be further decreased and the spot of nucleation can be controlled making these technique feasible for the use in nanomagnetic logic circuitry.

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Nanomagnetic logic clocked in the MHz regime

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

1-Bit Full Adder in Perpendicular Nanomagnetic Logic using a Novel 5-Input Majority Gate

1-Bit Full Adder in Perpendicular Nanomagnetic Logic using a Novel 5-Input Majority Gate

Time-dependent domain wall nucleation probability in field-coupled nanomagnets with perpendicular anisotropy

Micromagnetic simulation of nanomagnets with geometry-tuned domain wall nucleation

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