Nanoliposomes and Tocosomes as Multifunctional Nanocarriers for the Encapsulation of Nutraceutical and Dietary Molecules

Abstract

Nanoscale lipid bilayers, or nanoliposomes, are generally spherical vesicles formed by the dispersion of phospholipid molecules in a water-based medium by energy input. The other nanoscale object discussed in this entry, i.e., tocosome, is a recently introduced bioactive carrier made mainly from tocopheryl phosphates. Due to their bi-compartmental structure, which consists of lipidic and aqueous compartments, these nanocarriers are capable of carrying hydrophilic and hydrophobic material separately or simultaneously. Nanoliposomes and tocosomes are able to provide protection and release of sensitive food-grade bioactive materials in a sustained manner. They are being utilized for the encapsulation of different types of bioactive materials (such as drugs, vaccines, antimicrobials, antioxidants, minerals and preservatives), for the enrichment and fortification of different food and nutraceutical formulations and manufacturing of functional products. However, a number of issues unique to the nutraceutical and food industry must first be resolved before these applications can completely become a reality. Considering the potentials and promises of these colloidal carrier systems, the present article reviews various aspects of nanoliposomes, in comparison with tocosomes, including the ingredients used in their manufacture, formation mechanisms and issues pertaining to their application in the formulation of health promoting dietary supplements and functional food products.

Nanophytomedicines for the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome: A Pharmacological and Biopharmaceutical Review

“…NLCs are another type of lipid-based nano carrier systems with colloidal particles composed of both solid and liquid lipids (Madane and Mahajan, 2016). Nanoliposomes provide a useful technology for delivering and targeting both hydrophilic and lipophilic phytobioactive constituents (Khorasani et al, 2018). Biodegradable polymeric NPs offer numerous advantages, since they protect bioactive constituents from degradation, enhance solubility, and provide controlled delivery and targeting (Pereira et al, 2018).…”

Natural Bioactive Compounds from Food Waste: Toxicity and Safety Concerns

“…In the recent years several food components and nutraceuticals have been encapsulated by different technologies [ 107 ]. One of the most common techniques that guarantees the stabilization of sensitive components, controlled release of core material, and that allows the physical separation of reactive or incompatible ingredients and thereby increasing product shelf-life is through the encapsulation technology [ 16 ].…”

“… Scheme of the most commonly applied nanocarriers for bioactive compounds [ 16 , 107 , 108 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 ]. …”

“…Because of that, those ingredients are considered as new foods that must undergo safety assessments likely to change according to different countries, yet limited, legislations concerning to the FLW utilization [ 15 ]. The stability and ingredients performance in a food system faces many challenges while designing the appropriate delivery systems for food additives, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplements [ 16 ]. The main objective of this review is to compile the journey of the BCs recovered from agro-food wastes until the final consumer, highlighting the safety and toxicity challenges that must be overcome.…”

Methodical Design of Viral Vaccines Based on Avant-Garde Nanocarriers: A Multi-Domain Narrative Review

“…The hydrophobic phytyl chains of T2P molecules cannot arrange in a parallel position because of the presence of bulky isoprene side-chains (unlike phosphatidylcholine and some other phospholipids). Accordingly, T 2 P possesses a conical geometric shape, while the TP has a cylindrical geometric shape, similar to PC [ 91 ]. Clinical studies have demonstrated that TP and T 2 P molecules have many advantages for human health, including atherosclerotic prevention as well as cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties [ 92 , 93 ].…”