Nanoindentation mapping of multiscale composites of graphene-reinforced polypropylene and carbon fibres

Enrique-Jiménez, Patricia; Quiles-Díaz, Susana; Salavagione, Horacio J.; Fernandéz‐Blázquez, Juan P.; Monclús, M.A.; Villoria, Roberto Guzmán de; Gómez‐Fatou, Marian A.; Ania, F.; Flores, A.

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.11.009

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Moreover, most of the indentation studies have been focused on inorganic materials, such as metals and ceramics, while synthetic polymers and biopolymers have been investigated less often [ 3 , 4 , 14 ]. Finally, the micro- and/or nanoindentation studies of polymers were usually focused on some specific type of polymer materials, such as semicrystalline polymers [ 15 ], polymer nanocomposites [ 16 ] or polymer hydrogels [ 5 ] whose mechanical properties varied in a limited range. Consequently, we did not find any systematic study focused on a detailed comparison of macro-, micro- and nanomechanical properties of synthetic polymers with variable properties, changing from very hard to very soft.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macro-, Micro- and Nanomechanical Characterization of Crosslinked Polymers with Very Broad Range of Mechanical Properties

et al. 2020

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This work is focused on the comparison of macro-, micro- and nanomechanical properties of a series of eleven highly homogeneous and chemically very similar polymer networks, consisting of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A cured with diamine terminated polypropylene oxide. The main objective was to correlate the mechanical properties at multiple length scales, while using very well-defined polymeric materials. By means of synthesis parameters, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer networks was deliberately varied in a broad range and, as a result, the samples changed their mechanical behavior from very hard and stiff (elastic moduli 4 GPa), through semi-hard and ductile, to very soft and elastic (elastic moduli 0.006 GPa). The mechanical properties were characterized in macroscale (dynamic mechanical analysis; DMA), microscale (quasi-static microindentation hardness testing; MHI) and nanoscale (quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation hardness testing; NHI). The stiffness-related properties (i.e., storage moduli, indentation moduli and indentation hardness at all length scales) showed strong and statistically significant mutual correlations (all Pearson′s correlation coefficients r > 0.9 and corresponding p-values < 0.001). Moreover, the relations among the stiffness-related properties were approximately linear, in agreement with the theoretical prediction. The viscosity-related properties (i.e., loss moduli, damping factors, indentation creep and elastic work of indentation at all length scales) reflected the stiff-ductile-elastic transitions. The fact that the macro-, micro- and nanomechanical properties exhibited the same trends and similar values indicated that not only dynamic, but also quasi-static indentation can be employed as an alternative to well-established DMA characterization of polymer networks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macro-, Micro- and Nanomechanical Characterization of Crosslinked Polymers with Very Broad Range of Mechanical Properties

et al. 2020

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“…Polymer nanocomposites are extensively studied during the past years since these multicomponent systems present a significant enhancement of their properties with the incorporation of small amounts of nanofiller 6–15 . Carbon fillers are most commonly used as a reinforcing material due to their outstanding mechanical performance, thermal and electrical conductivity 16–33 . Graphene, in particular, is characterized by high levels of stiffness and strength and is generally used for the reinforcement of the polymer matrices' mechanical properties 34 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of ball milling on the mechanical properties and crystallization of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced short chain branched‐polyethylene

Kourtidou

Grigora

Tsongas

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Short‐chain‐branched‐polyethylene (SCB‐PE) is extensively used in domestic hot and cold piping systems. SCB‐PE nanocomposites using graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as a filler, were prepared in this work. The effect of ball‐milling as a premixing technique prior to melt‐mixing, on the crystallization and the nanomechanical properties of the composites has been studied. Two sets of SCB‐PE/GNPs nanocomposites with various filler loadings were prepared; one with and one without the ball‐milling step. The dispersion of the filler was evaluated by optical microscopy while the crystallization process was studied using differential scanning calorimetry. The nonisothermal crystallization's experimental data were analyzed using various methods. The materials' nanomechanical behavior was investigated by conducting nanoindentation tests. A finite element analysis process was developed to extract the composites' stress–strain behavior. The composites prepared with ball‐milling presented improved dispersion of GNPs in the SCB‐PE matrix, which affected the crystallization, while nanoindentation tests showed significantly enhanced mechanical properties.

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“…Advanced nanoindentation techniques are used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the laminates at a local scale, particularly at the boundary regions between the polymer-based layers and the fibre tows. This technique has been successfully used to probe the transition region between a thermoplastic polymer such as isotactic polypropylene and carbon fibre (CF) fabric [38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Reinforcement of Graphene in Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)/Carbon Fibre Laminates

et al. 2021

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PEEK appears as an excellent candidate to substitute epoxy resins in carbon fibre laminates for high-performance aeronautical applications. The optimization of the properties and, in particular, of the transition region between the fibres and the matrix appear as a major issue prior to serial production. Graphene, modified with two compatibilizers, has been incorporated in the polymer layer with the purpose of imparting additional functionalities and enhancing the matrix-fibre interaction. It is found that both carbon fibres and modified graphene significantly influence the crystallization behaviour and smaller, and/or more imperfect crystals appear while the degree of crystallinity decreases. Despite this, nanoindentation studies show that the PEEK layer exhibits significant modulus improvements (≈30%) for 5 wt.% of graphene. Most importantly, the study of the local mechanical properties by nanoindentation mapping allows the identification of remarkably high modulus values close to the carbon fibre front. Such a relevant mechanical enhancement can be associated with the accumulation of graphene platelets at the polymer–fibre boundary, as revealed by electron microscopy studies. The results offer a feasible route for interlaminar mechanical improvement based on the higher density of graphene platelets at the fibre front that should promote interfacial interactions. Concerning electrical conductivity, a large anisotropy was found for all laminates, and values in the range ~10−4 S/cm were found for the through-thickness arrangement as a consequence of the good consolidation of the laminates.

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Nanoindentation mapping of multiscale composites of graphene-reinforced polypropylene and carbon fibres

Cited by 25 publications

References 34 publications

Macro-, Micro- and Nanomechanical Characterization of Crosslinked Polymers with Very Broad Range of Mechanical Properties

Macro-, Micro- and Nanomechanical Characterization of Crosslinked Polymers with Very Broad Range of Mechanical Properties

Effect of ball milling on the mechanical properties and crystallization of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced short chain branched‐polyethylene

Understanding the Reinforcement of Graphene in Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)/Carbon Fibre Laminates

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