Nanofluid to Nanocomposite Film: Chitosan and Cellulose-Based Edible Packaging

Abstract

Chitosan (CH)-based materials are compatible to form biocomposite film for food packaging applications. In order to enhance water resistance and mechanical properties, cellulose can be introduced to the chitosan-based film. In this work, we evaluate the morphology and water resistance of films prepared from chitosan and cellulose in their nanoscale form and study the phenomena underlying the film formation. Nanofluid properties are shown to be dependent on the particle form and drive the morphology of the prepared film. Film thickness and water resistance (in vapor or liquid phase) are clearly enhanced by the adjunction of nanocrystalline cellulose.

Sustainable Chitosan-Dialdehyde Cellulose Nanocrystal Film

“…The addition of DANC had a negative effect on the brittleness of the composite films. In other studies of chitosan films, a general trend of decreasing Eb value had been observed when the reinforcing material was a nanocellulose based material [ 6 , 11 , 77 ]. The decrease in Eb value can be affected by the volume fraction of the added reinforcing material, the dispersion in the matrix, and the strong interactions between chitosan and DANC restricting the motion of the matrix [ 23 , 80 , 81 ].…”

“…The Tdmax for pure chitosan film was 286 °C, while the Tdmax of chitosan/DANC (50/50 wt/wt) film was 354 °C. The Tdmax of chitosan/CNC film was 266 °C ( Figure 5 f), and the CNC addition insignificantly affected the thermal behavior of the chitosan films [ 6 , 11 ]. In the chitosan/DANC (90/10, 75/25, wt/wt) films ( Figure 5 b,c), two degradation steps were observed with Tdmax at 286 and 354 °C.…”

“…In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the development and application of biobased packaging materials derived from renewable sources that are abundant, biodegradable, inexpensive, and release low levels of carbon dioxide [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Biobased packaging materials can be generated from biodegradable polymers [ 6 , 7 ]. In this regard, significant efforts have been made to efficiently utilize cellulose and chitin, two of the most abundant polysaccharides in nature, for the production of biodegradable and non-toxic packaging materials [ 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

“…Chitosan obtained by N-deacetylation of chitin (1,4-linked-2-amino-deoxy-β-d-glucan, IUPAC), a natural linear polysaccharide [ 11 ], has been widely used in various applications because of its safety, biocompatibility, biodegradability, flocculation ability, and excellent film-forming ability [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Chitosan also possesses antifungal activity and wound healing properties, which make it a potentially valuable material in biomedicine [ 6 , 15 ]. Chitosan films have been widely used as food packaging materials to prevent contamination and extend the shelf-life of food products.…”

Lignin Nanoparticles and Their Nanocomposites

“…As for other materials and biopolymers, such as cellulose and chitosan, the rationale for the preparation of lignin nanomaterials is to gain new attractive properties occurring only when matter is organized on a nanoscale [ 25 ]. This can be due to the so-called “quantum effect” bringing new tunable properties at the nanoscale or simply by the expanded surface to volume ratio of nanomaterials [ 26 ].…”