Nanofabricated three dimensional photonic crystals operating at optical wavelengths

Cheng, Chuan-Cheng; Arbet-Engels, V.; Scherer, Axel; Yablonovitch, Eli

doi:10.1088/0031-8949/1996/t68/002

Cited by 69 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…More attention has been focused on 2D photonic crystals recently [17], probably because fabricating photonic band gap materials in 3D can be a major technological challenge [18], but it is more manageable in 2D [19]. In the microwave regime, the quasiperiodic arrangement ( Fig.…”

Section: Volume 80 Number 5 P H Y S I C a L R E V I E W L E T T E R Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic Band Gaps in Two Dimensional Photonic Quasicrystals

1998

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It is generally believed that long range periodic order is instrumental in the formation of a photonic band gap. Using a spectral method that scales linearly with the system size, we found that sizable spectral gaps for each polarization in 2D can be found in aperiodic arrangements of dielectrics that resemble quasicrystalline tiling. Since the aperiodic arrangement has many inequivalent sites, the defect properties of these systems are more complex and interesting than conventional photonic band gap systems. [S0031-9007(97)05157-0] PACS numbers: 42.70. Qs, 41.20.Jb, In the past few years, there has been much research activity pertaining to photonic band gap (PBG) material, which has a spectral gap in the electromagnetic (EM) wave spectrum in which EM wave propagation is forbidden in all directions [1,2]. PBG can suppress vacuum fluctuation and spontaneous emission, and can lead to interesting quantum electrodynamics effects [3]. This is also seen as a road map to strong photon localization, itself a fascinating but elusive phenomena [4]. It has potential applications in quantum electronic devices, distributed-feedback mirror, microwave antennae substrate [5], and its unusual optical properties can be exploited to control and guide the propagation of light [6].PBG materials are often viewed as analogs of electronic semiconductors. Only short-range order is necessary for the formation of an electronic band gap. Amorphous semiconductors exist and have band gaps that are comparable in size to those of crystalline semiconductors. However, electrons form bound states and photons do not. Most of the theoretical demonstration of the existence of an electronic band gap without periodicity is based on simplified tight-binding models, which is a reasonable description because electrons can form bound states. While it is now firmly established that a certain periodic arrangement of dielectric structures can support full photonic band gaps in 2D and 3D [2], it is not obvious whether a structure without periodic order can have complete photonic gaps or not. The photonic band gap we know of to date in 2D and 3D is the consequence of periodicity: We can define a Brillouin zone because of the periodicity; and a complete photonic gap is formed when the spectral gaps at the Brillouin zone boundary overlap in all directions. Can there be photonic gaps without periodicity and without a Brillouin zone? This is a fundamental question. Motivated by the known existence of 1D stop bands in superlattices stacked in the Fibonnaci sequence [7], and acoustic spectral gaps in nearest-neighbor coupled tuning fork arrays arranged in a Penrose tiling [8], we seek to show that sizable spectral gaps can exist a in 2D "quasiperiodic" arrangement of dielectrics.The photonic band problem for a perfect photonic crystal can be handled well by band theoretic methods, such as the plane wave method [9], which scales typically like the third power of the size of the system. Here, we use an equation-of-motion method [10] that employs discretization of the ...

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Section: Volume 80 Number 5 P H Y S I C a L R E V I E W L E T T E R Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic Band Gaps in Two Dimensional Photonic Quasicrystals

1998

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“…That allows to discriminate between free and gold-bound particles. [17] Large-Area Three-Dimensional Structuring by Electrochemical Etching and Lithography** By Sven Matthias, Frank Müller,* CØcile Jamois, Ralf B. Wehrspohn, and Ulrich Gösele Large-scale, highly periodic structures have gained considerable interest in a number of areas in modern physics, serving as photonic crystals, [1,2] sensors, [3±5] or as massively parallel Brownian ratchets. [6] Recently, photonic bandgap materials in which three-dimensional periodic variations of the dielectric constant controllably prohibit electromagnetic propagation throughout a specific frequency range, inhibiting spontaneous emission or allowing loss-less waveguiding, have become increasingly important.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[1,2,7] Such artificial structures have been successfully fabricated using self-assembly techniques, [8±10] layer-by-layer methods, [11±15] photopolymerization, [16] or angle etching. [17] Structures fabricated by a layer-by-layer procedure are based on an elaborate lithography and a number of polishing and dry etching processes, which limit the number of lattice constants in the growth direction. The recently developed microassembly method [18] could be used to build very individual structures but not on a large scale of centimeter dimensions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Large‐Area Three‐Dimensional Structuring by Electrochemical Etching and Lithography

Müller²,

et al. 2004

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Optical Characterization of the Samples: Absorption spectra were recorded in the 200±900 nm range using a Lambda 9000 Perkin-Elmer spectrophotometer. The samples were diluted by a factor of around 100 in DEG; the dilution factors slightly differed for the different samples in order to ensure analysis of solutions with the same concentrations of oxide particles (0.028 mg mL ±1 ). This allows comparison of samples with the same oxide concentration diluted in the same solvent.The UV excitation and emission spectra were measured at room temperature with a broad excitation at 325 nm. The excitation source was a 450 W xenon lamp coupled to an Hitachi Jobin±Yvon monochromator with a 300 groves mm ±1 grating. The detected emission was transferred by an optical fiber, placed at 45 to the sample, and recorded by an air-cooled charge-coupled device camera. All the samples with the same size oxide particles (either oxide colloids, gold/oxide nanocomposites, or gold/oxide mixtures) have been diluted in DEG before characterization to obtain the same concentration of Tb 3+ -doped Gd 2 O 3 in mass of oxide per mL. For the solutions containing oxide particles with a diameter of 3 nm, the concentration of oxide was 2.8 mg mL ±1 , and for those containing particles with a diameter of 8 nm, the concentration of oxide was 18.9 mg mL ±1 . Finally, the emission spectra were systematically corrected from the white luminescence due to the emission of the DEG and the quartz container.

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“…High index contrast systems allow such structures to be defined with very small sizes, and, thus, leads to integration of several optical components into more functional systems. Although more complex three-dimensional geometries will eventually be developed [27], one very promising geometry is the two-dimensional photonic crystal, into which cavities, waveguides and dispersive elements can be embedded. The most important advantage of this geometry lies in the opportunity to lithographically couple devices together with minimal diffraction losses and excellent coupling efficiencies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic crystals for confining, guiding, and emitting light

Scherer

Painter

Vučković

et al. 2002

IEEE Trans. Nanotechnology

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Abstract-We show that by using the photonic crystals, we can confine, guide, and emit light efficiently. By precise control over the geometry and three-dimensional design, it is possible to obtain high quality optical devices with extremely small dimensions. Here we describe examples of high-Q optical nanocavities, photonic crystal waveguides, and surface plasmon enhanced light-emitting diode (LEDs).Index Terms-Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), microcavities, nanooptics, photonic bandgap (PBG) materials, photonic crystal waveguides, photonic crystals, quantum-well laser, semiconductor device fabrication, spontaneous emission, surface plasmons. I. PHOTONIC CRYSTAL NANOCAVITIEST HE PAST rapid emergence of optical microcavity devices, such as vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) [1] and [2] can be largely attributed to the high precision over the layer thickness control available during semiconductor crystal growth. High reflectivity mirrors can, thus, be grown with subnanometer accuracy to define high-Q cavities in the vertical dimension. Recently, it has also become possible to microfabricate high reflectivity mirrors by creating two-and three-dimensional periodic structures. These periodic "photonic crystals" [3] and [4] can be designed to open up frequency bands within which the propagation of electromagnetic waves is forbidden irrespective of the propagation direction in space and define photonic bandgaps. When combined with high index contrast slabs in which light can be efficiently guided, microfabricated two-dimensional photonic bandgap (PBG) mirrors provide us with the geometries needed to confine and concentrate light into extremely small volumes and to obtain very high field intensities. Here we show that it is possible to use these "artificially" microfabricated crystals in functional optical devices, such as lasers, modulators, add-drop filters, polarizers and detectors.Fabrication of optical structures has evolved to a precision which allows us to control light within etched nanostructures [5]. For example, subwavelength nano-optic cavities can be used for efficient and flexible control over the emission wavelength [6] and [7]. Similarly, nanofabricated optical waveguides can be used for efficient coupling of light between devices. This new capability allows the reduction of the size of optical components and leads to their integration in large numbers, much in the same way as electronic components have been integrated for improved functionality to form microchips. As high-Q optical and electronic cavity sizes approach a cubic half-wavelength the spatial and spectral densities (both electronic and optical) increase to a point where the light-matter coupling becomes so strong that spontaneous emission is replaced by the coherent exchange of energy between the two systems [8]- [11]. We can use the lithographic control over the wavelength and polarization supported within photonic crystal cavities to construct compact nanophotonic laser (see Fig. 1...

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Nanofabricated three dimensional photonic crystals operating at optical wavelengths

Cited by 69 publications

References 16 publications

Photonic Band Gaps in Two Dimensional Photonic Quasicrystals

Photonic Band Gaps in Two Dimensional Photonic Quasicrystals

Large‐Area Three‐Dimensional Structuring by Electrochemical Etching and Lithography

Photonic crystals for confining, guiding, and emitting light

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