Nanoemulsification Improves the Pharmaceutical Properties and Bioactivities of Niaouli Essential Oil (Melaleuca quinquenervia L.)

Abstract

We develop a suitable delivery system for niaouli essential oil (NEO) using a nanoemulsification method for acne vulgaris. Prepared nanoemulsions (NEs) were characterized for droplet dimension, rheology, surface charge, and stability. The ability of NEO formulations against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis was investigated and all formulations showed antiacne potential in vitro. Ex vivo permeation studies indicated significant improvement in drug permeations and steady state flux of all NEO-NEs compared to the neat NEO (p < 0.05). On the basis of the studied pharmaceutical parameters, enhanced ex vivo skin permeation, and marked effect on acne pathogens, formulation NEO-NE4 was found to be the best (oil (NEO; 10% v/v); Kolliphor EL (9.25% v/v), Carbitol (27.75% v/v), and water (53% v/v)). Concisely, the in vitro and ex vivo results revealed that nanoemulsification improved the delivery as well as bioactivities of NEO significantly.

Investigating Antiarthritic Potential of Nanostructured Clove Oil (Syzygium aromaticum) in FCA-Induced Arthritic Rats: Pharmaceutical Action and Delivery Strategies

“…CO and GO in 1:1 ratio demonstrated better solubility performance ( Table 1 ), therefore GO was selected as a solid lipid (base) for the study. The surfactant chosen for drug development must be able to (i) lower interfacial tension to a very low value to aid dispersion during nanoemulsion preparation, (ii) provide a flexible film that can easily deform around droplets, and (iii) have the appropriate lipophilic character to provide the correct curvature at the interfacial region for the desired nanoemulsion type (i.e., o/w, w/o, or bicontinuous) [ 32 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. The surface area (mm 2 ) as a function of phase behavior was determined for the CO in different surfactants and cosurfactants and the combination thereof to find out the best possibility towards formulation development.…”

“…The above finding revealed that the free energy of nanoemulsion formation is more or less dependent on the extent to which the S mix submissively reduces the interfacial tension of oil and water and dispersion entropy [ 38 , 40 ]. In such circumstances, the formation of nanoemulsions was spontaneous and produced physically stable dispersions [ 32 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Those formulations were selected from phase diagrams, which can accommodate a high quantity of oil with the low concentration of S mix .…”

“…The maximum transdermal flux value was found to be 82.41 ± 12.39 μg/cm 2 /h (CONC5) over the control formulation (28.17 ± 10.29 μg/cm 2 /h) with the enhancement ratio of 6.34 across the rat’s skin, possibly due to least droplet size and low viscosity ( Table 4 ). In fact, the lipid nanoemulsions improve EU penetration via the SC lipid pathway, in which neutral lipids are organized as bilayers with their hydrophobic chains facing each other to produce a lipophilic bimolecular facet [ 32 , 40 ]. The CONCs directly penetrate the SC, where they destabilize the bilayer structure due to the involvement of the present surfactant molecule leading to enhanced drug permeability.…”

“…Oral self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems have increased the biological activities of different essential oils, including CO, eucalyptus oil, and Piper cubeba essential oil, such as wound healing properties [ 13 , 30 , 31 ]. The topical delivery and bioactivity of niaouli essential oil has also been increased using a nanoemulsion technique [ 32 ]. Recently, some innovative techniques based on the application of supercritical carbon dioxide for the controlled and targeted drug delivery systems have been investigated [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

“…A high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was employed for all analyses of the marker compound as it is a simple and economical method [ 36 ]. Pharmaceutical evaluation, product stability, and biological studies were performed as per previously published reports [ 2 , 32 , 37 ]. According to the findings, designing appropriate nanolipidic carriers could be a successful method to improve CO benefits in RA.…”