Nanodiamonds and nanoparticles as tumor cell radiosensitizers—promising results but an obscure mechanism of action

Falk, Martin

doi:10.21037/atm.2016.12.62

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…The complex biological processes underlying the sensitizing and synergistic effects of metal-based NanoEnhancers in radiotherapy include oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair inhibition, autophagy, and ER stress. So far, the biological synergies between radiotherapy and metal-based NanoEnhancers have not been well-addressed 310 . In the future, elucidation of the role of biological contributions including modification of the tumor microenvironment, immune modulation 311 , and cellular biochemical changes elicited only by NanoEnhancers 257 during the radiosensitization process would be helpful in better designing metal-based NanoEnhancers .…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal-based NanoEnhancers for Future Radiotherapy: Radiosensitizing and Synergistic Effects on Tumor Cells

et al. 2018

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Radiotherapy is one of the major therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. In the past decade, there has been growing interest in using high Z (atomic number) elements (materials) as radiosensitizers. New strategies in nanomedicine could help to improve cancer diagnosis and therapy at cellular and molecular levels. Metal-based nanoparticles usually exhibit chemical inertness in cellular and subcellular systems and may play a role in radiosensitization and synergistic cell-killing effects for radiation therapy. This review summarizes the efficacy of metal-based NanoEnhancers against cancers in both in vitro and in vivo systems for a range of ionizing radiations including gamma-rays, X-rays, and charged particles. The potential of translating preclinical studies on metal-based nanoparticles-enhanced radiation therapy into clinical practice is also discussed using examples of several metal-based NanoEnhancers (such as CYT-6091, AGuIX, and NBTXR3). Also, a few general examples of theranostic multimetallic nanocomposites are presented, and the related biological mechanisms are discussed.

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Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal-based NanoEnhancers for Future Radiotherapy: Radiosensitizing and Synergistic Effects on Tumor Cells

et al. 2018

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“…This radiation dose–amplification effect is based on the Compton scattering mechanism . All of these radiosensitizers are usually loaded or engineered into nanocarriers for tumor‐specific delivery or by passive tumor accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect . Heretofore, a great number of nanomaterials have been synthesized to pave the way for high‐performance radiosensitization for RT enhancement …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breaking the Depth Dependence by Nanotechnology‐Enhanced X‐Ray‐Excited Deep Cancer Theranostics

et al. 2019

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treat cancer patients; however, it can cause severe systemic toxicity and immunesystem depression due to its nonspecific nature. [2][3][4] As a noninvasive therapeutic modality, radiotherapy (RT) with assistance from image guidance/positioning can be used to deliver X/γ-ray radiation to tumors. [5][6][7][8] This enables radiation oncologists to target malignant tissues for precise cancer therapy [9][10][11] while minimizing radiation dose delivered to surrounding normal tissues. However, RT efficacy can be attenuated by factors like salient hypoxia found in solid tumors. [12][13][14][15] Moreover, some cancer subtypes and cancer stem cells exhibit high resistance to X-ray radiation. [16] Consequently, the development of radiosensitizers that can sensitize hypoxic or radio-resistant tumors to X-ray radiation [17][18][19][20] has become an area of intense research.The emerging radiosensitizers can be classified into three groups: gasotransmitters (e.g., O 2 , NO, H 2 S, etc.), [21][22][23][24][25] anticancer drugs (e.g., paclitaxel (PTX), docetaxel (Dtxl), topotecan (TPT), etc.), [26][27][28] and high-Z elements (e.g., Au, Ba, Bi, Pt, W, etc.). [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] The gasotransmitters can mimic the radiosensitizing effect of oxygen and downregulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) expression, [23] while anticancer drugs can induce cancer cells to enter the G2/M phase which is the most radiation-sensitive cell-cycle phase. [36] High-Z elements are known for scattering one X-ray beam into several beams to concentrate more radiation on tumors for aggravated radiation damage. [37,38] This radiation dose-amplification effect is based on the Compton scattering mechanism. [39] All of these radiosensitizers are usually loaded or engineered into nanocarriers for tumor-specific delivery or by passive tumor accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. [40] Heretofore, a great number of nanomaterials have been synthesized to pave the way for high-performance radiosensitization for RT enhancement. [41][42][43][44] Despite the appreciable progress achieved in X-ray radiation sensitization/enhancement, RT as a monotherapy generally fails to eliminate the whole tumor as cancer cells can undergo DNA-repair and regrowth. [45,46] As such, current research is gradually shifting from RT monotherapy to X-rayexcited multimodal therapy. This means that two or more therapeutic modalities are simultaneously activated by X-ray to yield synchronous/synergistic anticancer effects. [47][48][49] For example, it has been shown that high-energy X-ray irradiation can triggerThe advancements in nanotechnology have created multifunctional nanomaterials aimed at enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy for cancer. However, the ability to target deep-seated tumors remains one of the most critical challenges for certain nanomedicine applications. To this end, X-ray-excited theranostic techniques provide a means of overcoming the limits of light penetration and tissue attenuation. Herein, a comprehe...

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“…So far, the main molecular mechanisms of nanoparticles‐mediated radiosensitization include: double‐strand DNA breaks, cell cycle arrest, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) . In our study, we observed that the change of NDs distribution caused by radiation‐induced reorganization in the microfilament organization in Hela cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The conventional treatment shows some drawbacks such as lacks tumor specificity and severe complications (such as: radiodermatitis, radiation pneumonia, organ failure, etc). Recently the study of nanomaterials for the improvement of tumor diagnosis and treatment became the urgent affairs in medical research . Combination therapies have shown better results than conventional treatment in the lab and clinic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Radiosensitizing Effect of Nanodiamonds (NDs) on HeLa Cells Under X‐Ray Irradiation

Chen

Wang

et al. 2018

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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In this study, the possible enhancement of radiosensitivity induced by nanodiamonds(NDs) is investigated. In this work, a potentialization of cytotoxicity after a co-exposure to NDs and irradiation using the human cervical cancer cell line (Hela cells) is shown. The combined exposure of 100 μg ml À1 NDs and 4 Gy radiation decreases the rate of cell viability in Hela cell line as compared to each single exposure. These results show that NDs can enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells in vitro. Thus, the NDs could provide a new clinical strategy for radiosensitizing on cancer cells.

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Nanodiamonds and nanoparticles as tumor cell radiosensitizers—promising results but an obscure mechanism of action

Cited by 14 publications

References 25 publications

Metal-based NanoEnhancers for Future Radiotherapy: Radiosensitizing and Synergistic Effects on Tumor Cells

Metal-based NanoEnhancers for Future Radiotherapy: Radiosensitizing and Synergistic Effects on Tumor Cells

Breaking the Depth Dependence by Nanotechnology‐Enhanced X‐Ray‐Excited Deep Cancer Theranostics

The Radiosensitizing Effect of Nanodiamonds (NDs) on HeLa Cells Under X‐Ray Irradiation

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