Nanodiamond enhances immune responses in mice against recombinant HA/H7N9 protein

Abstract

BackgroundThe continuing spread of the newly emerged H7N9 virus among poultry in China, as well as the possibility of human-to-human transmission, has attracted numerous efforts to develop an effective vaccine against H7N9. The use of nanoparticles in vaccinology is inspired by the fact that most pathogens have a dimension within the nano-size range and therefore can be processed efficiently by the immune system, which leads to a potent immune response. Herein, we report a facile approach to increase antigen size to achieve not only fast but also effective responses against the recombinant HA/H7N9 protein via a simple conjugation of the protein onto the surface of nanodiamond particles.ResultsIn this study, trimeric Haemagglutinin (H7) that is transiently expressed in N. benthamiana was purified using affinity chromatography, and its trimeric state was revealed successfully by the cross-linking reaction. The trimeric H7 solution was subsequently mixed with a nanodiamond suspension in different ratios. The successful conjugation of the trimeric H7 onto the surface of nanodiamond particles was demonstrated by the changes in size and Zeta-potential of the particles before and after protein coating, Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and Western-blot analysis. Next, biofunction of the protein-nanodiamond conjugates was screened using a haemagglutination assay. A mixture containing 5 µg of trimeric H7 and 60 µg of nanodiamond corresponds to a ratio of 1:12 (w/w) of agglutinated chicken red blood cells at HA titer of 1024, which is 512-fold higher than the HA titer of free trimeric H7. After the 2nd and 3rd immunization in mice, ELISA and Western blot analyses demonstrated that the physical mixture of trimeric H7 protein and nanodiamond (1:12, w/w) elicited statistically significant stronger H7-specific-IgG response demonstrated by higher amounts of H7N9-specific IgG (over 15.4-fold with P < 0.05 after the second immunization).ConclusionsThese results indicated a potential effect inherent to nanodiamond towards modulating immune systems, which should be further evaluated and broadly applied in nanovaccine development.

Plant-Derived Trimeric CO-26K-Equivalent Epitope Induced Neutralizing Antibodies Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

“…To express the recombinant protein in planta, the agroinfiltration protocol was performed as described by Pham et al (29), with some modifications. Briefly, bacteria containing the expression vector pCB301-COE-GCN4pII-cmyc-his-KDEL and plant vector including HcPro (23), that was used as a gene silencing suppressor for enhancing the expression levels of targeting proteins in plants (30,31), were mixed and diluted in an infiltration buffer [ Recombinant COE-GCN4pII protein was purified via immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) as described by Pham et al (29). The oligomeric form of purified COE-GCN4pII protein was determined by a cross-linking reaction that was described by Weldon et al (32) and a native PAGE.…”

Pilot study on biocompatibility of fluorescent nanodiamond-(NV)-Z~800 particles in rats: safety, pharmacokinetics, and bio-distribution (part III)

“…13 NDP are also being extensively studied as carriers of pharmacological agents for delivery of cytotoxic chemicals into drug-resistant tumors. [14][15][16][17] Furthermore, new frontiers were recently broached that demonstrate potential medical application in immune enhancement (vaccine), 18,19 adjuvant, 20 and genetic neurological conditions. 21 Pharmacokinetic (PK) advantages gained by the co-junction of tumor-toxic compounds to NDP have shown preservation of efficacy while reducing the compounds' toxicity by restriction of the dosing regimen.…”

Advancements in prophylactic and therapeutic nanovaccines

“…Hemagglutinin trimer has also been exploited as a potential antigen for inducing protective immunity against influenza virus. Pham et al, immunized BALB/C mice with nanodiamond conjugated trimeric H7 and observed a significant higher H7 specific IgG production as compared to immunization with H7 trimeric antigen alone [151] . Similarly, Ross et al, have shown that intranasal or subcutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice with polyanhydride nanoparticles encapsulated H53 induced high titer neutralizing antibodies.…”