Nanodevices for the immobilization of therapeutic enzymes

Abstract

Therapeutic enzymes are one of the most promising applications of this century in the field of pharmaceutics. Biocatalyst properties can be improved by enzyme immobilization on nano-objects, thereby increasing stability and reusability and also enhancing the targeting to specific tissues and cells. Therapeutic biocatalyst-nanodevice complexes will provide new tools for the diagnosis and treatment of old and newly emerging pathologies. Among the advantages of this approach are the wide span and diverse range of possible materials and biocatalysts that promise to make the matrix-enzyme combination a unique modality for therapeutic delivery. This review focuses on the most significant techniques and nanomaterials used for enzyme immobilization such as metallic superparamagnetic, silica, and polymeric and single-enzyme nanoparticles. Finally, a review of the application of these nanodevices to different pathologies and modes of administration is presented. In short, since therapeutic enzymes constitute a highly promising alternative for treating a variety of pathologies more effectively, this review is aimed at providing the comprehensive summary needed to understand and improve this burgeoning area.

Immobilization of Enzymes on PLGA Sub‐Micrometer Particles by Crosslinked Layer‐by‐Layer Deposition

“…In fact, stability of PLGA based particles can be adjusted from weeks to years depending on the ratio of lactic and glycolic acid . However, future uses might as well include biomedical applications such as antigen immobilization on nanoparticulate carriers used for vaccination or immobilization of digestion enzymes like lactases or endopeptidases for the treatment of lactose intolerance or celiac disease . Preliminary experiments in the zebrafish embryo model indeed demonstrate enzymatic activity in a biological environment (i.e., the blood circulation of a vertebrate).…”

Current technological trends in biosensors, nanoparticle devices and biolabels: Hi‐tech network sensing applications

“…Nanoparticle devices and biolabels are novel gadgets for multifaceted applications ranging from bio‐ or nanomedicine to agriculture (Hauser, Maurer‐Stroh, & Martin, ; Holzinger, Goff, & Cosneir, ; Marazza, ; Verma & Bhardwaj, ; Vigneshvar et al., ). Nanoparticle devices provided flexibility to effectively use the biosensor for specific applications in drug delivery and disease diagnosis (Bosio, Islan, Martinez, Duran, & Castro, ; Holzinger et al., ; Vaddiraju, Tomozas, Burgess, Jain, & Papadimitrakopoulos, ) and in many other fields such as biodefence, food safety and pharmaceutics with technological combination of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy (Torun, Boyaci, Temür, & Tamer, ). Conversely, biolabels are novel tools of biosensors wherein targeted “electronic skin” detects chemical ingredients in physiological or security analysis in biomedicine or forensic science (Windmiller, Bandodkar, Parkhomovsky, & Wang, ; Windmiller, Bandodkar, Valdes‐Ramirez et al., ).…”

Enzymatic detoxification of organophosphorus pesticides and related toxicants

“…138) PEGylation has also been used to enhance systemic stability; avoid enzymatic degradation; opsonize; for non-selective accumulation; and to maintain the solubility and activity of proteins and, in some cases, the enhancement of cellular uptake. 142) In addition, the functionalization of PEGylated enzymes with specific ligands could enhance cell internalization, as recently demonstrated by PEGylated cytochrome P450 functionalized with folic acid. 106) The immunological response also can be overcome by encapsulating the enzyme within a protective nanoparticle, such as a liposome.…”