“…Nanostructures are attractive for enzymatic immobilization processes, since they possess ideal characteristics to optimize factors that determine the efficiency of the biocatalysts, including adaptable surface area, mass transfer resistance and effective enzyme loading. Enzyme supports include silica, chitosan, gold, diamond, metal ions and metal oxides, such as graphene and zirconium [161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171]. As mentioned in the previous paragraph advances have been made in immobilization processes that lead to improved enzyme stability, enhanced activity, but also the minimization of inhibition by reaction products and better selectivity toward desired substrates [164,172].…”