Nanocomposite Rocket Ablative Materials: Processing, Microstructure, and Performance

Koo, Joseph H.; Stretz, Holly A.; Weispfenning, J.; Luo, Zhiping; Wootan, W.

doi:10.2514/6.2004-1996

Cited by 29 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Many works concerning the modification of phenolic resins with nanoparticles to enhance the thermal properties can be found in literature. Montmorillonites, ceramic oxides, and carbon fillers are all suitable to increase the fire resistance: As a matter of fact, they can be considered as a new class of fillers to improve the thermal response of phenolics for moderate and severe thermal fluxes. Independently from the nature of the filler, the main process at the base of an improved fire resistance is related to the formation of a protective layer that can be ceramic, carbonaceous, or hybrid, able to work as a physical barrier that protects the substrates from heat and oxygen and slows down the production rate of flammable volatiles generated during the thermal degradation of the polymeric phase .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17 Many works concerning the modification of phenolic resins with nanoparticles to enhance the thermal properties can be found in literature. Montmorillonites, [18][19][20][21] ceramic oxides, 11,22 and carbon fillers 12,23,24 are all suitable to increase the fire resistance: As a matter of fact, they can be considered as a new class of fillers to improve the thermal response of phenolics for moderate and severe thermal fluxes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanostructured phenolic matrices: Effect of different nanofillers on the thermal degradation properties and reaction to fire of a resol

Rallini

Natali

et al. 2017

Fire and Materials

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Summary In this work, the effect of 6 different fillers as a nanomodifier of phenolic matrix was evaluated in thermal stability and reaction to fire. The chosen nanoparticles were montmorillonite, silica, carbon black, and 3 carbides—boron, silicon, and zirconium carbides. The nanofillers were mechanically dispersed in the matrix, and the dispersion and distribution of the nanosized particles in the matrix was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. The thermal stability of nanocomposites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis both in nitrogen and in air while the thermal combustion properties were measured using a microscale combustion calorimeter. The experimental data highlighted the remarkable effects of nanoboron carbide on the thermal properties it can confer to the phenolic matrix. Rheological behavior of the blends was also investigated to evaluate the effect of the different fillers on the viscosity of the nanostructured matrices.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructured phenolic matrices: Effect of different nanofillers on the thermal degradation properties and reaction to fire of a resol

Rallini

Natali

et al. 2017

Fire and Materials

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“…Some recent researchers also focused the attention on using nanostructured polymers as ablatives: in fact, the enhanced thermal resistance of nanomodified polymeric matrices encouraged the exploration of the ablative capabilities of polymer nanocomposites. Some of these studies were specifically dedicated to nanomodify high char retention resins such as phenolics . These efforts may lead to their future use as ablatives or their combination with traditional heat shielding materials to provide lower cost and better performing ablative materials .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressive char strength of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer nanocomposites

Jaramillo

Koo

Natali

2014

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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This research encompasses the study of testing protocols and the design of sensors for evaluating the compressive strength of the char layer of ablative material used in solid rocket motors (SRMs). The testing protocol that has been developed is the continuation of previous work for determining the compressive strengths between different SRM insulation materials. A crushing test method was further developed, and a sensor platform was assembled to perform the tests. The test procedure consists of measuring the amount of force required to crush a given area of the charred sample for a specified depth. The test was repeated for the industry standard Kevlar®‐filled ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber and thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer nanocomposite with different weight loading of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes, montmorillonite nanoclay, and carbon nanofibers. The energy of destruction or energy dissipated was quantified to determine which ablative exhibited the best performance. Maximum force was also recorded as a secondary quantity to determine char strength. The proposed test method is fully automated to ensure repeatability of each measurement and to remove the potential for human‐induced error. Because char layer thickness varies depending on the material, a method of differentiating neat material from char was proposed and explored. The introduced procedure also represents a novel and unique approach to solve the problem of the determination of the char strength. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…The combined effects of heat and stress, termed ablation, involve raising only a thin surface layer of material to a high temperature, keeping the bulk of the material unexposed to the damaging temperatures [2][3][4][5]. Reinforced phenolic composites have been extensively used as ablation materials on intercontinental missile warheads and space shuttles [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of a Phenolic Resin with Epoxy- and Methacrylate-Functionalized Silica Sols to Improve the Ablation Resistance of Their Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites

Geng

You

et al. 2014

Polymers

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Functionalized silica sols were obtained by the hydrolytic condensation of (γ-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPMS), (γ-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPMS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Three different sols were obtained: MPS (derived from MPMS and TEOS), GPS-MPS (derived from GPMS, MPMS and TEOS), and GPSD (derived from GPMS, TEOS and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, DGEBA). These silica sols were mixed with a phenolic resin (PR). Ethylenediamine was used as a hardener for epoxy-functionalized sols and benzoyl peroxide was used as an initiator of the free-radical polymerization of methacrylate-functionalized silica sols. Glass fiber-reinforced composites were obtained from the neat PR and MPS-PR, GPS-MPS-PR and GPSD-PR. The resulting composites were evaluated as ablation resistant materials in an acetylene-oxygen flame. A large increase in the ablation resistance was observed when the PR was modified by the functionalized silica sols. The ablation resistance of the composites decreased as follows: GPSD-PR > MPS-PR > GPS-MPS-PR > PR.

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Nanocomposite Rocket Ablative Materials: Processing, Microstructure, and Performance

Cited by 29 publications

References 7 publications

Nanostructured phenolic matrices: Effect of different nanofillers on the thermal degradation properties and reaction to fire of a resol

Nanostructured phenolic matrices: Effect of different nanofillers on the thermal degradation properties and reaction to fire of a resol

Compressive char strength of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer nanocomposites

Modification of a Phenolic Resin with Epoxy- and Methacrylate-Functionalized Silica Sols to Improve the Ablation Resistance of Their Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites

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