Nanocellulose Reinforced Hyaluronan-Based Bioinks

Abstract

Bioprinting of hydrogel-based bioinks can allow for the fabrication of elaborate, cell-laden 3D structures. In addition to providing an adequate extracellular matrix mimetic environment and high cell viability, the hydrogels must offer facile extrusion through the printing nozzle and retain the shape of the printed structure. We demonstrate a strategy to incorporate cellulose oxalate nanofibrils in hyaluronan-based hydrogels to generate shear thinning bioinks that allowed for printing of free-standing multilayer structures, covalently cross-linked after bioprinting, yielding longterm stability. The storage modulus of the hydrogels was tunable between 0.5 and 1.5 kPa. The nanocellulose containing hydrogels showed good biocompatibility, with viability of primary human dermal fibroblasts above 80% at day 7 after seeding. The cells were also shown to tolerate the printing process well, with viability above 80% 24 h after printing. We anticipate that this hydrogel system can find broad use as a bioink to produce complex geometries that can support cell growth.

Applications of 3D Bioprinting Technology to Brain Cells and Brain Tumor Models: Special Emphasis to Glioblastoma

“…89 However, PEG-Az8 reduces bioprinting time to a few minutes as it starts cross-linking right away once it is added to hydrogel. 125 Furthermore, unlike the other cells that demonstrate no large-scale interaction, FBA cells were observed to interact more actively with other cells in this hydrogel. 89 Several works also preferred genipin as it is a nontoxic natural cross-linker, induces differentiation of hiPSCs, and increases the stability of fibrin.…”

“… 89 However, PEG-Az8 reduces bioprinting time to a few minutes as it starts cross-linking right away once it is added to hydrogel. 125 Furthermore, unlike the other cells that demonstrate no large-scale interaction, FBA cells were observed to interact more actively with other cells in this hydrogel. 89 …”

“…Some works combined HA with Bicyclo[6.1.0]­nonyne (BCN) reagent and then cross-linked with azide-functionalized PEG (PEG-Az8). , This blend promoted the proliferation of SH-SY5Y, human FPA, and U87 GBM cells . However, PEG-Az8 reduces bioprinting time to a few minutes as it starts cross-linking right away once it is added to hydrogel . Furthermore, unlike the other cells that demonstrate no large-scale interaction, FBA cells were observed to interact more actively with other cells in this hydrogel …”

Nanocomposite Hydrogel Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting of Tumor Models

“…Currently, a wide variety of polymer hydrogels such as natural, synthetic, − hybrid, ,− and nanocomposite polymers − have been used as bioinks to construct artificial tissues. Among these hydrogels, bioinks based on natural polymers including collagen, ,, silk, ,, alginate, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), ,,− fibrin, , gelatin, − and hyaluronic acid − have been widely used as bioinks for 3D bioprinting because of their controllably biophysical and biochemical properties, good biocompatibility, and sustainability . In particular, HA hydrogels were widely used as bioinks to 3D bioprint tumor models because HA created specific tumor microenvironments that promoted tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis .…”