Nanobiotechnology-based Drug Delivery in Brain Targeting

Abstract

Blood brain barrier (BBB) found to act as rate limiting factor in drug delivery to brain in combating the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Such limiting physiological factors include the reticuloendothelial system and protein opsonization, which present across BBB, play major role in reducing the passage of drug. Several approaches employed to improve the drug delivery across the BBB. Nanoparticles (NP) are the solid colloidal particle ranges from 1 to 1000 nm in size utilized as career for drug delivery. At present NPs are found to play a significant advantage over the other methods of available drug delivery systems to deliver the drug across the BBB. Nanoparticles may be because of its size and functionalization characteristics able to penetrate and facilitate the drug delivery through the barrier. There are number of mechanisms and strategies found to be involved in this process, which are based on the type of nanomaterials used and its combination with therapeutic agents, such materials include liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles and non-viral vectors of nano-sizes for CNS gene therapy, etc. Nanotechnology is expected to reduce the need for invasive procedures for delivery of therapeutics to the CNS. Some devices such as implanted catheters and reservoirs however will still be needed to overcome the problems in effective drug delivery to the CNS. Nanomaterials are found to improve the safety and efficacy level of drug delivery devices in brain targeting. Nanoegineered devices are found to be delivering the drugs at cellular levels through nono-fluidic channels. Different drug delivery systems such as liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, nonogels and nonobiocapsules have been used to improve the bioavailability of the drug in the brain, but microchips and biodegradable polymeric nanoparticulate careers are found to be more effective therapeutically in treating brain tumor. The physiological approaches also utilized to improve the transcytosis capacity of specific receptors expressed across the BBB. It is found that the low density lipoproteins related protein (LPR) with engineered peptide compound (EpiC) formed the platform incorporating the Angiopep peptide as a new effective therapeutics. The current challenges are to design and develop the drug delivery careers, which must be able to deliver the drug across the BBB at a safe and effective manner. Nanoparticles are found to be effective careers in delivery of conventional drugs, recombinant proteins, vaccines as well as nucleotides. Nanoparticlulate drug delivery systems are found to be improving in the pharmacokinetic strategies of the drug molecules such as biodistribution, bioavailability and drug release characteristics in a controlled and effective manner with site specific drug delivery targeting to tissue or cell with reduction in toxic manifestation. Therefore, the use of nanotechnology in the field of pharmaceutical biotechnology helps in improving the drug delivery strategy including the kinetics and therapeutic index to solve the deliver...

Nanoneurology - Drug Delivery across the Brain Protective Barriers

“…Whereas the different drug delivery systems described previously such as liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, nanogels and nano bio capsules have been used to improve the bioavailability of the drug in the brain, microchips and biodegradable polymeric nano particulate carriers may be more effective therapeutically in treating brain tumor. Nano particulate drug delivery systems improve the pharmacokinetic strategies of the drug molecules such as: biodistribution; bioavailability; and drug release characteristics in a controlled and effective manner with site specific drug delivery targeting to tissue or cell; and reduction in toxic manifestation [10].…”

Nanomedicine in Central Nervous System (CNS) Disorders: A Present and Future Prospective

“…43 Nanotechnologies overcome these problems due to its nanoscale quantum effect, small and high surface area to volume ratio. 44,45 Basically, nanotechnology is a convergence of science and engineering, which needs one-dimensional designing and characterization at the nanometric scale.…”

“…50 Drugs need to chemically modify and transported to the brain via loading with different nanomaterial-based vehicles. 45 It also received in the brain via transcytosis through the BBB. 31 Nanobiotechnology has made a revolutionary progress in drug delivery system.…”

Peptide gH625 enters into neuron and astrocyte cell lines and crosses the blood–brain barrier in rats

“…25 To evaluate the green fluorescence inside and outside the BBB vessels, the mean gray values of ten sections of controls (vehicle or gH625 without NBD; n=3) and treated animals (n=3) were measured within and outside the region of interest (ROI) of the BBB vessels. These values were then divided for the correspondent ROI area (µm 2 ) and the ratio between the outside and inside values was indicated. The two-tailed unpaired t-test was used, and the values were considered statistically significant at P,0.01.…”

“…Drugs are often characterized by physicochemical and/or biological features that make their use not ideal in humans; however, nanosized delivery systems (liposomes, micelles, and polymeric systems) can circumvent these problems by improving the therapeutic index. 1,2 Apart from a few exceptions, nanocarriers have met with moderate success, mainly because of their behavior in vivo. 3 Free diffusion of circulating molecules from the blood into the brain is made difficult by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is a complex physiological checkpoint in the central nervous system, preventing passage of both beneficial drugs and potentially toxic molecules.…”