Nanoarchitectonics for Dynamic Functional Materials from Atomic‐/Molecular‐Level Manipulation to Macroscopic Action

Abstract

mechanisms operate with excellent fl exibility/adaptability originating from cooperation of multiple dynamic systems. [ 1 ] In most cases, the functional components of these systems are assembled through non-covalent dynamic interactions. Although their assembled structures are often ambiguous, or "fuzzy," functions of biological systems are signifi cantly superior to any of the so far precisely constructed artifi cial machines and devices. Thus, fabrication of bio-like systems might be one of the ultimate goals of the science and technology of functional materials. There has already been some success in the synthesis of excellent new materials, [ 2 ] but these are still far inferior to biological materials systems from the point-of-view of specifi city, effi ciency, and adaptability, although incremental progress involving existing technological concepts may not change this situation. A certain paradigm shift in construction concepts of functional materials is necessary to establish an advanced approach towards truly dynamic functions.Fabrication of functional materials requires control of organization of their components with nanometer precision. The novel technological concept of nanotechnology has been established over the past few decades with a view to exploit nanometer-sized phenomena and to fabricate functional materials by precisely controlling the materials' structures at the nanoscale. [ 3 ] Several strategies of nanotechnology are simple extensions of the corresponding successful microtechnologies to nanofabrication. However, the control of nanoscale events and structures requires different approaches to those commonly applied in microtechnology. This is because physical phenomena at the nanoscale are quite different from microscopic phenomena. Effects occurring at the microscopic level are often similar to those occurring in the macroscopic regime. In contrast, nanoscale phenomena involving nanometer-sized objects are strongly infl uenced by thermal/statistical fl uctuations, mutual interactions, and possibly quantum effects between components. In many cases, such mutual actions are dynamically integrated, often resulting in unexpected properties and effects so that components of nanoscale systems cannot be controlled by intuitive means. To understand and therefore control nanoscale phenomena and to Objects in all dimensions are subject to translational dynamism and dynamic mutual interactions, and the ability to exert control over these events is one of the keys to the synthesis of functional materials. For the development of materials with truly dynamic functionalities, a paradigm shift from "nanotechnology" to "nanoarchitectonics" is proposed, with the aim of design and preparation of functional materials through dynamic harmonization of atomic-/molecular-level manipulation and control, chemical nanofabrication, self-organization, and fi eld-controlled organization. Here, various examples of dynamic functional materials are presented from the atom/molecularlevel to macroscopic dimensions. Thes...

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