Nano-Carriers of COVID-19 Vaccines: The Main Pillars of Efficacy

Abstract

As the current COVID-19 pandemic illustrates, vaccination is the most powerful method of disease prevention and public confidence in vaccines depends on their safety and efficacy. The information gathered in the current pandemic is growing at an accelerated pace. Both the key vital protein DNA/RNA messengers and the delivery carriers are the elements of a puzzle including their interactions with the immune system to suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection. A new nano-era is beginning in the vaccine development field and an array of side applications for diagnostic and antiviral tools will likely emerge. This review focuses on the evolution of vaccine carriers up to COVID-19-aimed nanoparticles and the immune-related adverse effects imposed by these nanocarriers.

A nanoparticle-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate elicits broad neutralizing antibodies and protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection

“…On the other hand, the latest recombinant technologies were shown to be faster and more effective 2. , 3. .…”

“…Novel vaccine platforms emerged allowing faster design, vaccine production, and shortening the time to enter clinical trials 2. , 3. .…”

Liposomes: structure, composition, types, and clinical applications

“…Their components include distearoyl phosphatidyl choline and cholesterol that considered the main constituents of conventional liposomes [ 225 ]. Four major ingredients were used in COVID-19 vaccines: Cationic lipids, for instance 1,2-dioleoyl-3 (trimethylammonium) propane (DOTAP), to binds to the negatively charged mRNA, pegylated lipids stabilize the particle, phospholipids and cholesterol molecules that form the required structure [ 226 ]. These formulas encapsulate mRNA, protect it from nucleases, and deliver it into cells, where the mRNA is released and used to generate proteins.…”

Testing Antigens, Antibodies, and Immune Cells in COVID-19 as a Public Health Topic—Experience and Outlines

“…Their values after 6 days of detection (after seroconversion) would reach a plateau concentration and will no longer vary [ 30 ]. Vaccination has the same dynamics in antibodies as the infection [ 31 , 32 ].…”