NAND Flash Memory Forensic Analysis and the Growing Challenge of Bit Errors

Zandwijk, Jan Peter van; Fukami, Aya

doi:10.1109/msp.2017.4251114

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…We conduct extensive comparisons and ablation studies on AFHQ [3], CelebA-HQ [17] and Cityscapes [4], corresponding to the image resolution 512×512, 1024×1024 and 2048×1024, respectively. JPEG les from [3,4,17] are rst encrypted by the full-disk encryption (FDE) [10,11] method, followed a bit error rates (BER) setting of 10 −5 in [12,33] on the encrypted bitstream, and then decrypted by the same FDE method to construct the datasets. As for the thumbnail setting, we assume that the thumbnail comes from the bicubic downsampling, and its maximum side of the thumbnail is xed at 160 [19].…”

Section: Experiments 41 Implementation Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to technology trends, it exhibits progressively shorter lifetimes and increasingly relies on error correction codes (ECC) to ensure the data storage integrity [20,24]. It is well-known that [20,33] raw bit error rate (RBER) of NAND ash memory grows rapidly as the program/erase cycle, temperature, and retention years increase. As a result, bit errors may exceed ECC's error correction capability and cause unrecoverable bit errors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bitstream-Corrupted JPEG Images are Restorable: Two-stage Compensation and Alignment Framework for Image Restoration

Liu,

Wang,

Yap

et al. 2023

2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

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In this paper, we study a real-world JPEG image restoration problem with bit errors on the encrypted bitstream. The bit errors bring unpredictable color casts and block shifts on decoded image contents, which cannot be resolved by existing image restoration methods mainly relying on pre-dened degradation models in the pixel domain. To address these challenges, we propose a robust JPEG decoder, followed by a two-stage compensation and alignment framework to restore bitstream-corrupted JPEG images. Specically, the robust JPEG decoder adopts an error-resilient mechanism to decode the corrupted JPEG bitstream. The two-stage framework is composed of the selfcompensation and alignment (SCA) stage and the guidedcompensation and alignment (GCA) stage. The SCA adaptively performs block-wise image color compensation and alignment based on the estimated color and block offsets via image content similarity. The GCA leverages the extracted low-resolution thumbnail from the JPEG header to guide full-resolution pixel-wise image restoration in a coarse-to-ne manner. It is achieved by a coarse-guided pix2pix network and a rene-guided bi-directional Laplacian pyramid fusion network. We conduct experiments on three benchmarks with varying degrees of bit error rates. Experimental results and ablation studies demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method. The code will be released at https://github.com/wenyang001/Two-ACIR.

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Section: Experiments 41 Implementation Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bitstream-Corrupted JPEG Images are Restorable: Two-stage Compensation and Alignment Framework for Image Restoration

Liu,

Wang,

Yap

et al. 2023

2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

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“…We also analyzed the PCB to find a way to acquire data from flash memory. We minimized the damage when chip-off the flash memory from the PCB by referring to previous studies [ 42 , 43 ].…”

Section: Ivi Systems Forensic Use Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Forensic Case Studies for In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems Using Android Auto and Apple CarPlay

Shin

Kim

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Vehicle systems have been one of the fastest-growing fields in recent years. Vehicles are extremely helpful for understanding driver behaviors and have received significant attention from a forensic perspective. Extensive forensic research was previously conducted on on-board vehicle systems, such as an event data recorders, located in the electronic control unit or manufacturer-based infotainment systems. However, unlike previous vehicles that used only manufacturer-based infotainment systems, most vehicles today are equipped with infotainment systems such as Android Auto and Apple CarPlay. These in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) systems connect to mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. The vehicle can periodically communicate with a smartphone and thus a network outside the vehicle. Drivers can use more services in their vehicles than ever before. Accordingly, an increasing number of diverse data are being stored in vehicles, with mobile devices connected to both the vehicle and the cloud. Such data include information that can be of significant help to investigators in solving problems during forensic investigations. Therefore, forensics of IVI systems such as Android Auto and Apple CarPlay are becoming increasingly important. We analyzed various forensic studies conducted on Android Auto and Apple CarPlay. Most of the research was mainly focused on mobile devices connected through a wired USB connection. The use of wireless-based IVI systems has recently been increasing. However, the analysis of Android Auto and Apple CarPlay from this point of view is insufficient. Therefore, we proposed a forensic methodology that fully considers such limitations. A forensic analysis was conducted on various IVI systems. We also developed an IVI system forensics tool that works based on the proposed methodology.

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“…smartphones) [9]. In [10], [11], the authors discuss how to adapt acquisition and analysis techniques to recover accurate and relevant data from flash memory chips; however, this is under the implicit assumption that they are not damaged. In [12], the authors explain that due to their block-based structure, flash memories are becoming forensics targets but they mainly propose an anti-forensic technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Diagnostic Forensic Protocol for Damaged Secure Digital Memory Cards

et al. 2022

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Over the past twenty years, Secure Digital memory cards have become the most popular digital storage media. Therefore, law enforcement agencies need to develop forensic techniques to enable recovery of data, especially from cards severely damaged by accidents, air crashes, terrorist attacks or deliberate attempts by criminals to destroy evidence. The paper discusses the non-invasive and invasive diagnostics available to legal forensic experts, with descriptions of the necessary equipment, including binocular microscopes, X-Ray equipment, scanning acoustic microscopes, chemical benches, and, for the first time, infrared cameras. All of these techniques can be used to methodically determine the best treatment in order to repair damaged storage media and extract data from them. The main contributions of the paper include the development of an innovative systematic forensic protocol for diagnostics on damaged cards, which involves a simple decision-making diagram. Finally, a concrete case study is presented using the new forensic decision diagram-based protocol and the panel of techniques available to diagnose a card damage.

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NAND Flash Memory Forensic Analysis and the Growing Challenge of Bit Errors

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Bitstream-Corrupted JPEG Images are Restorable: Two-stage Compensation and Alignment Framework for Image Restoration

Bitstream-Corrupted JPEG Images are Restorable: Two-stage Compensation and Alignment Framework for Image Restoration

Digital Forensic Case Studies for In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems Using Android Auto and Apple CarPlay

New Diagnostic Forensic Protocol for Damaged Secure Digital Memory Cards

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