Nail morphology studies as assessments for onychomycosis treatment modalities

Repka, Michael A.; O’Haver, John H.; See, Chun Hwa; Gutta, Kavitha; Munjal, Manish

doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00321-6

Cited by 44 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The materials must meet the same levels of purity and safety as those prepared by traditional techniques. Most of the raw materials used in hot-melt extruded pharmaceuticals have been used in the production of other solid dosage forms such as tablets, pellets, granules, transdermal, and transmucosal systems (Aitken-Nichol et al, 1996;Munjal et al, 2006;Prodduturi et al, 2005;Repka et al, 1999aRepka et al, , 2000aRepka et al, , 2000bRepka et al, , 2001aRepka et al, , 2001bRepka et al, , 2002bRepka et al, , 2002cRepka et al, , 2006. Thermal stability of the individual compounds is a prerequisite for the process, although the short processing times encountered in this process may not limit all thermolabile compounds.…”

Section: Materials Used In Hot-melt Extrusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…65-80 (Crowley et al, 2002;McGinity et al, 1997;Repka et al, 1999a;Repka et al, 2000a;Repka et al, 2002b;Zhang, 1999) Poly(ethylene glycol) Carbowax ® -20 37-63 (Cuff et al, 1998;Forster et al, 2001c;Hamaura et al, 1999;Koleng et al, 1997;Perissutti et al, 2002;Repka et al, 2001c) Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) Kollidon ® 168 - (Follonier et al, 1995;Forster et al, 2001a;Forster et al, 2001c;Hamaura et al, 1999;Hulsmann et al, 2001;Keleb et al, 2001) Poly ( (Miyagawa et al, 1996;Miyagawa et al, 1999;Sato et al, 1997) Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer plasticizers in producing solid dispersions by HME in addition to acting as solubilizers (Ghebremeskel et al, 2006). Additionally, several drug substances have been repo...…”

Section: Plasticizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several research groups have demonstrated HME processes as a viable method to prepare pharmaceutical drug delivery systems, including granules (Follonier et al, 1995), pellets (Follonier et al, 1994;Young et al, 2002), sustained release tablets (Crowley et al, 2004b;Crowley et al, 2002;McGinity et al, 1997;Zhang, 1999;Zhang et al, 2000), transdermal and transmucosal drug delivery systems (Aitken-Nichol et al, 1996;Munjal et al, 2006;Prodduturi et al, 2005;Repka et al, 1999aRepka et al, , 2000bRepka et al, , 2001aRepka et al, , 2001bRepka et al, , 2002bRepka et al, , 2002d and implants (Bhardwaj et al, 1997(Bhardwaj et al, , 1998Rothen-Weinhold et al, 2000;Sam, 1992). The HME technique is an attractive alternative to traditional processing methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Pharmaceutical Applications of Hot-Melt Extrusion: Part I

Crowley¹,

Zhang²,

Repka

et al. 2007

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy

646

365

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Interest in hot-melt extrusion techniques for pharmaceutical applications is growing rapidly with well over 100 papers published in the pharmaceutical scientific literature in the last 12 years. Hot-melt extrusion (HME) has been a widely applied technique in the plastics industry and has been demonstrated recently to be a viable method to prepare several types of dosage forms and drug delivery systems. Hot-melt extruded dosage forms are complex mixtures of active medicaments, functional excipients, and processing aids. HME also offers several advantages over traditional pharmaceutical processing techniques including the absence of solvents, few processing steps, continuous operation, and the possibility of the formation of solid dispersions and improved bioavailability. This article, Part I, reviews the pharmaceutical applications of hot-melt extrusion, including equipment, principles of operation, and process technology. The raw materials processed using this technique are also detailed and the physicochemical properties of the resultant dosage forms are described. Part II of this review will focus on various applications of HME in drug delivery such as granules, pellets, immediate and modified release tablets, transmucosal and transdermal systems, and implants.

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Section: Materials Used In Hot-melt Extrusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plasticizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pharmaceutical Applications of Hot-Melt Extrusion: Part I

Crowley¹,

Zhang²,

Repka

et al. 2007

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy

646

365

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The current methods of treatment for onychomycosis have encountered only limited success, require long treatment duration, and risk systemic side effects (Rodgers and Bassler, 2001;Repka et al, 2002;Ajit et al, 2003). Approximately one-third of the patients cannot be completely cured after six or more weeks of oral medication due to treatment failure and relapse (Gupta and Shear, 1999;Gupta et al, 2001;Finch and Warshaw, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical method to enhance transungual transport and iontophoresis efficiency

Hao

Smith

2008

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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Transungual transport is hindered by the inherent small effective pore size of the nail even when it is fully hydrated. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of chemical enhancers thioglycolic acid (TGA), glycolic acid (GA), and urea (UR) on transungual transport and iontophoresis efficiency. In vitro passive and iontophoretic transport experiments of model permeants mannitol (MA), UR, and tetraethylammonium (TEA) ion across the fully hydrated, enhancer-treated and untreated human nail plates were performed in phosphate-buffered saline. The transport experiments consisted of several stages, alternating between passive and anodal iontophoretic transport at 0.1 mA. Nail water uptake experiments were conducted to determine the water content of the enhancer-treated nails. The effects of the enhancers on transungual electroosmosis were also evaluated. Nails treated with GA and UR did not show any transport enhancement. Treatment with TGA at 0.5 M enhanced passive and iontophoretic transungual transport of MA, UR, and TEA. Increasing the TGA concentration to 1.8 M did not further increase TEA iontophoresis efficiency. The effect of TGA on the nail plates was irreversible. The present study shows the possibility of using a chemical enhancer to reduce transport hindrance in the nail plate and thus enhance passive and iontophoretic transungual transport.

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“…Current studies support the theory that topical therapies alone cannot effectively treat onychomycosis because of low-penetration rates of antifungal drugs through the nail plate (Baran & Kaoukhov, 2005;Lim et al, 2014); therefore, oral antifungal medications remain a mainstay in onychomycosis treatment because of the deep-seated and persistent nature of this type of infection. However, systemic treatment of onychomycosis is undesirable owing to the reported side effects of antifungal medications, the general immune-compromised nature of patients suffering from onychomycosis with higher incidence of drug interaction and hepatotoxicity, in addition to the limited blood circulation into the affected nail bed which necessitates the presence of large amount of the drug in the blood circulation (Repka et al, 2002;Miron et al, 2014). Therefore, the use of topical therapy for treatment of onychomycosis would circumvent the aforementioned systemic limitations (Hafeez et al, 2013) thereby, enhance patient compliance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel nail penetration enhancer containing vesicles “nPEVs” for treatment of onychomycosis

et al. 2015

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Context: The systemic treatment of onychomycosis has been hampered by the reported side effects of antifungals in addition to the limited blood circulation to the affected nails. Topical ungual treatment would circumvent the limitations of systemic onychomycosis treatment. Objective: Preparation and characterization of nail penetration enhancer containing nanovesicles (nPEVs) loaded with sertaconazole for topical treatment of onychomycosis. Materials and methods: nPEVs were prepared using different nail penetration enhancers (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, thioglycolic acid, thiourea and ethanol) by the thin film hydration method, and characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE%), elasticity, viscosity, physical stability and morphology. The selected nPEVs formula and the marketed Dermofix Õ cream were compared in terms of nail hydration, transungual drug uptake and antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum. Results: N-acetyl-L-cysteine was the optimum nail penetration enhancer for incorporation within vesicles. nPEVs showed high EE% of sertaconazole ranging from 77 to 95%, a size ranging from 38-538 nm and a zeta potential ranging from +48 to +72 mV. The selected nPEVs formula displayed spherical morphology and good storage stability. Compared to the conventional marketed cream, the selected nPEVs formula showed 1.4-folds higher hydration and drug uptake enhancement into nail clippings. Furthermore, it showed significantly higher zone of inhibition for Trichophyton rubrum (20.9 ± 0.25 mm) than the marketed cream (11.6 ± 0.44 mm). Conclusion: Nail penetration enhancer containing nanovesicles (nPEVs) present a very promising option, worthy of clinical experimentation on onychomycotic patients.

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Nail morphology studies as assessments for onychomycosis treatment modalities

Cited by 44 publications

References 37 publications

Pharmaceutical Applications of Hot-Melt Extrusion: Part I

Pharmaceutical Applications of Hot-Melt Extrusion: Part I

Chemical method to enhance transungual transport and iontophoresis efficiency

Novel nail penetration enhancer containing vesicles “nPEVs” for treatment of onychomycosis

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