NaCl Crust Architecture and Its Impact on Evaporation: Three‐Dimensional Insights

Nachshon, Uri; Weisbrod, Noam; Katzir, Roee; Ahmed, Naseem

doi:10.1029/2018gl078363

Cited by 31 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…The salt crust diminishes the evaporation rate significantly, as previously reported by many studies [3,10,23,24] employing different methodologies, including micro-lysimeter measurements [23,24], the Bowen ratio [25], eddy correlation [9,10,26], and a static chamber [27], with studies carried out in both the field and the lab using repacked soil columns [1,3,28]. The main reason for the above effects on transport is that salt crusts also impede water vapor transport into the atmosphere by blocking the gas flow, much like a cover of straw or gravel mulch [12,29]. The salt crust also tends to form a dome [30], which causes a disconnection between the salt crust and the soil matrix, further limiting the evaporation [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…The evaporation varied dynamically with salt precipitation [31] and reflected the salt crust formation process [29]. All treatments were performed under the same conditions before the flood (from day 1 to day 40); therefore, we analyzed the evaporation rate using the mean values of all treatments (a total of 15 columns).…”

Section: Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main reason for the above effects on transport is that salt crusts also impede water vapor transport into the atmosphere by blocking the gas flow, much like a cover of straw or gravel mulch [12,29]. The salt crust also tends to form a dome [30], which causes a disconnection between the salt crust and the soil matrix, further limiting the evaporation [29]. Although there is some dispute regarding certain points, such as whether evaporation occurs from the salt crust surface [31] or below the salt crust [17], many studies, including those mentioned above, do agree that evaporation is inhibited by salt crust formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Effect of Flooding on Evaporation and the Groundwater Table for a Salt-Crusted Soil

Shi

2019

Water

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Soil salt crusts have been shown to have a strong influence on evaporation and water movement in soils, and this has attracted considerable attention. However, there is little information available on these processes during flooding. The objective of this study was to investigate the evaporation rate, variation in the groundwater table, and soil water content of salt-crusted soil flooded by five floodwater depths: 2 mm (Treatment A), 6 mm (Treatment B), 10 mm (Treatment C) 14 mm (Treatment D), and 18 mm (Treatment E). The experiments were carried out using repacked homogeneous silt loam soil columns in the laboratory. The experimental results showed that salt crust formation led to a low evaporation rate. The salt crust tended to form a dome, and some breakage occurred when the salt crust was dry. The broken crust increased the evaporation rate, indicating that the evaporation occurred below the crust. The soil moisture did not significantly change in the soil profile from 20 to 70 cm during the experimental period, which indicated that the existence of the evaporation front located in a layer very close to the surface. The evaporation rate rapidly increased when floodwater was added to the soils and returned to its previous low value after the salt crust reformed. However, before the salt crust reformed, there was a total water loss of 2.1, 4.3, 6.6, 10.1, and 13.8 mm for treatments A, B, C, D, and E, respectively, indicating that only a portion of the floodwater evaporated; another portion of the floodwater was discharged into the groundwater, causing the groundwater table to rise, although only by a small amount (6 mm). Therefore, the groundwater recharge caused by flooding should be considered. Otherwise, groundwater consumption may be overestimated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Flooding on Evaporation and the Groundwater Table for a Salt-Crusted Soil

Shi

2019

Water

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“…Lower is tolerance, lower is

C_{\max}

, indicating that through their resilience to salt, tolerant species may be able to compete with glycophytes. Once transpiration is suppressed, evaporation becomes the dominant process, although during dry outs, salt crust formation can have a major role in lowering evaporation (Nachshon et al, ). However, whether

C_{\max}

may represent an underestimation of maximum salinity, it still provides an important indication of how salt tolerance can exert an active forcing on salinization dynamics.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Remarkably,

C_{\max}

depends on salt tolerance only and represents the concentration for which the ability of plants to uptake water from the soil becomes completely impaired (i.e.,

C_{\max}

is higher for halophytes given their ability to better exploit water in the soil). At

C_{\max}

, evaporation becomes dominant, although other processes like salt‐crust formation can occur at this stage, leading to a substantial lowering of evaporative rates or even evaporation suppression (Eloukabi et al, ; Fujimaki et al, ; Nachshon et al, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetation Controls on Dryland Salinity

Perri

Suweis

Entekhabi

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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In salt‐affected soils, salt stress causes a drastic reduction of plant transpiration. The extent of this reduction is a function of vegetation salt tolerance and can result in highly species‐specific controls on soil water budget and salinization levels. Despite their crucial role in regulating the hydrology of saline soils, the effects of salt tolerance on transpiration remain mostly unexplored. Here we propose a minimalist stochastic model of primary salinization which reproduces the hitherto overlooked feedback of salinity on the soil water balance and the active role of plant salt tolerance in modulating such an effect. We show that vegetation can exert significant control on leaching occurrence and soil salinization, thus imposing a species‐specific upper limit, Cmax, to the concentration of soluble salts in the soil. Since Cmax increases with plant salt tolerance, salt‐resilient species have the potential to sustain more saline conditions in the soil, eventually creating a favorable environment for their ecological success.

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Impact of soil texture and salt type on salt precipitation and evaporation under different hydraulic conditions

Guo

Wang

2022

Hydrological Processes

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Salt precipitation and evaporation in porous media is an important research topic. However, several aspects remain controversial; notably, whether efflorescence inhibits evaporation in wet soil, the influence of soil texture on salt crust formation and the effect of sulphate precipitation on evaporation under changing hydraulic conditions. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of salt type (NaCl and Na2SO4) and soil texture (sandy soil, sandy loam and silt loam) on salt precipitation and evaporation under different hydraulic conditions (with and without fixed groundwater). Our results demonstrated that a NaCl salt crust strongly inhibited evaporation, even from wet soil (with groundwater), owing to its denser salt structure, which inhibited fluid flow. Moreover, the salt crust pattern differed based on soil texture. Relatively thin, flat and uniform salt crusts were developed in finer soils (silt loam), with greater evaporation resistance, whereas thick and rough salt crusts were developed in coarser soil (sandy soil), with less evaporation resistance. Na2SO4 was precipitated as subflorescence in drying soil, whereas wet soils exhibited a mixed salt precipitation pattern including both efflorescence and subflorescence. Notably, evaporation was primarily inhibited by efflorescence, rather than subflorescence. Our research provides novel insights into the dynamics of salt precipitation and evaporation in natural soils.

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NaCl Crust Architecture and Its Impact on Evaporation: Three‐Dimensional Insights

Cited by 31 publications

References 36 publications

The Effect of Flooding on Evaporation and the Groundwater Table for a Salt-Crusted Soil

The Effect of Flooding on Evaporation and the Groundwater Table for a Salt-Crusted Soil

Vegetation Controls on Dryland Salinity

Impact of soil texture and salt type on salt precipitation and evaporation under different hydraulic conditions

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