The Effect of Flooding on Evaporation and the Groundwater Table for a Salt-Crusted Soil

Li, Xinhu; Shi, Fengzhi

doi:10.3390/w11051003

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Salt precipitation by NaCl tends to lead to the creation of salt domes over the matrix surface, causing the disconnect between the matrix surface and the salt crust (Dai et al, 2016). In this study, the salt crust was elevated and formed a salt dome (Figures 4 and 6); this is also known as the blistering phenomenon (Licsandru et al, 2019), which has been a concern in recent years, and has been reported in sandy clay loam, silty soils, silt loam, sand, and glass beads (Dai et al, 2016;Li & Shi, 2019;Licsandru et al, 2019;Nachshon et al, 2018).…”

Section: Ss1 Ss2 Ss3 Ss4mentioning

confidence: 55%

“…(2016) found that the salt crust in their experiments showed upward movement at a rate of 5 μm h −1 along the walls of the plastic tube. Li and Shi (2019) also reported that the salt crust was elevated, forming domes over the surface of silt loam soils. The formation of the air layer due to the elevated salt crust is assumed to prevent local water transport by capillary flow (Licsandru et al., 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, the upward growth of salt precipitation garnered less attention in research than its lateral growth (Fujimaki et al, 2006;Jambhekar et al, 2015;Rose et al, 2005;Sghaier & Prat, 2009;Shokri-Kuehni, Vetter, et al, 2017;Shokri-Kuehni et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2014). Interestingly, several studies found that the salt crust can be elevated by the upward growth of salt precipitation, causing most of the salt crust to disconnect from the soil surface during the evolution of the precipitated crust; it was found that this can prevent the local transport of soil water through the salt layer and potentially reduce the evaporation rate (Dai et al, 2016;Li & Shi, 2019;Licsandru et al, 2019;Nachshon et al, 2018). These studies further suggested that evaporation may be reduced in the presence of an elevated salt crust even if the water table is hydraulically connected to the soil surface because the salt crust is disconnected from the soil.…”

Section: Core Ideasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dai et al (2016) and Licsandru et al (2019) found that the salt crust was elevated along the aforementioned plastic tube, but Nachshon et al (2018) reported that the salt crust was supported by some salt pillars. Li and Shi (2019) reported that the salt crust was elevated almost at the center of the soil surface. Our results showed that the salt crust was not elevated by the surface of PVC tube but was supported by salt pillars (Figure 6).…”

Section: Ss1 Ss2 Ss3 Ss4mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of evolving salt precipitation on the evaporation and temperature of sandy soil with a fixed groundwater table

Shi

2021

Vadose Zone Journal

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The effects of salt precipitation on water and heat transport in soil have garnered considerable attention. However, salt precipitation growth on the soil surface and its influence on soil evaporation and temperature under a fixed groundwater table are not well understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the evolution of salt precipitation on evaporation and temperature in sandy soils with a fixed groundwater table depth (20 cm). The laboratory experiment consisted of two treatments for sand columns: one with fresh groundwater, and the other with saline groundwater. Regions with salt precipitates expanded laterally and vertically whereby a salt crust was formed that disconnected from the soil. The lateral growth of salt precipitation had a minor impact on evaporation as the soil remained wet, while mostly being covered by the salt crust. However, the elevated salt crust caused a sharp decrease (>60%) in the evaporation rate. Therefore, a new stage of saline soil evaporation was determined; the evaporation rate was further reduced by the elevated salt crust. Moreover, the soil profile temperature decreased when the soil was covered by the salt crust, which is likely attributable to the increased albedo and the formation of a layer of air owing to the elevated salt crust. Therefore, we suggest that the upward growth of salt precipitation should be comprehensively studied because it can cause significant reductions in evaporation rates and soil temperature.Abbreviations: PVC, polyvinyl chloride; SS1, SS2, SS3, and SS4, the four stages of saline soil evaporation, in their order of occurrence This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Section: Ss1 Ss2 Ss3 Ss4mentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Core Ideasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ss1 Ss2 Ss3 Ss4mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of evolving salt precipitation on the evaporation and temperature of sandy soil with a fixed groundwater table

Shi

2021

Vadose Zone Journal

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“…Salt crusts are a typical soil structure that forms as a consequence of soil enrichment and bonding due to salt accumulation [12]. Soil salt crusts are a type of soil surface crust that usually exhibits high concentrations of salt, and they are observed in arid lands with shallow groundwater tables [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Salinization and Wind Erosion on the Texture of Surface Soils: An Investigation of Paired Samples from Soils with and without Salt Crust

Guo

2022

Land

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Wind erosion removes fine soil particles and thus affects surface soil properties, but the existence of a salt crust could prevent wind erosion and protect fine soil particles. Such results referring to wind erosion affecting soil surface textural properties have been reported by many studies. However, it is still not clear whether soil properties differ between salt-crusted soils and adjacent soils without a salt crust in areas experiencing serious wind erosion. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate paired samples from salt-crusted and non-crusted surface soils at 23 sites in the Tarim River Basin. The particle size distribution, salt content and composition, and crust thickness and strength were determined. The results of the pooled t-test reveal that, compared with soils without a salt crust, the salt-crusted soils had finer particles (silt + clay), but this difference only occurred in paired soils from the same site, and the silt content showed the largest difference between the paired soils. The salt content and salt crust strength showed great variability, from 88.52 to 603 g·kg−1 and from 0.30 to 5.96 kg·cm−1, respectively, at all sites, but only a weak relationship (R2 = 0.396) between the salt content and crust strength was found, indicating that the salt content was not the only factor affecting crust strength. Our results suggest that wind erosion and salinization cause great soil texture spatial heterogeneity, especially for silt particles in the Tarim River Basin. Variation in salt crust strength can influence dust emissions and must be considered in future management.

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Effect of salt types on salt precipitation and water transport in saline sandy soil

Wang,

Li,

Guo

et al. 2024

Hydrological Processes

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Salt precipitation on the surface of porous media significantly affects water transport processes. Most studies on salt precipitation mainly focused on single salts, but in nature, salt precipitation usually occurs as mixtures. Consequently, information on the crystallization of salt mixtures and its effect on water transport remains scarce. This study investigated the precipitation of mixtures (the mass ratios of NaCl:Na2SO4 were 3:7, 5:5, and 7:3, respectively) of NaCl (typical efflorescence) and Na2SO4 (typical subflorescence) in the initially saturated sandy soil columns and its effect on evaporation and compared it with the cases of the two salts individually. The results showed that salt mixtures exhibited a mixed pattern of crystals including both efflorescence and subflorescence, and the efflorescence showed granular aggregation, unlike the mono‐salts. The crystallization coverage of the salt mixtures was smaller than that of NaCl mono‐salt; high (7:3) and low (5:5 and 3:7) proportions of NaCl led to larger and smaller crystallization coverage than that of Na2SO4 mono‐salt, respectively. While the salt mixtures had less crystallization coverage than the mono‐salts, they showed lower evaporation because the salt mixtures formed a denser crystallization structure of efflorescence‐subflorescence‐soil layer, this crystallization structure exhibited greater inhibition of water vapour diffusion, thus reducing evaporation. In addition, the crystallization of the salt mixtures with higher NaCl proportion afforded greater resistance of evaporation. The mixed crystallization pattern formed by the salt mixtures significantly enhances the crystallization resistance to evaporation.

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The Effect of Flooding on Evaporation and the Groundwater Table for a Salt-Crusted Soil

Cited by 10 publications

References 54 publications

Effects of evolving salt precipitation on the evaporation and temperature of sandy soil with a fixed groundwater table

Effects of evolving salt precipitation on the evaporation and temperature of sandy soil with a fixed groundwater table

The Impact of Salinization and Wind Erosion on the Texture of Surface Soils: An Investigation of Paired Samples from Soils with and without Salt Crust

Effect of salt types on salt precipitation and water transport in saline sandy soil

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