“…True bugs of the Lygaeinae (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), commonly known as milkweed bugs, are seed predators and are mostly associated with milkweeds and other plants of the Apocynaceae (Ralph, ; Wheeler, ). These red and black colored species tolerate and take up deterrent plant chemicals (usually cardenolides) with the most famous example being the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas, 1852) (Bramer, Dobler, Deckert, Stemmer, & Petschenka, ; Duffey & Scudder, ; Scudder & Duffey, ; Scudder, Moore, & Isman, ; Von Euw, Reichstein, & Rothschild, ). Both the nymphs and adults of this brightly colored species obtain a variety of potentially toxic, plant produced cardenolides from Asclepias seeds, whereas species reared on sunflower seeds lack these chemicals (Duffey & Scudder, ; Lohr et al., ; Scudder et al., ).…”