Toxicity of the spiny thick‐foot <i>Pachypodium</i>

Agrawal, Anurag A.; Ali, Aliya; Johnson, Malcolm; Hastings, Amy P.; Bürge, Dylan O.; Weber, Marjorie G.

doi:10.1002/ajb2.1057

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Inhibition of the Na + /K + ‐ATPases measures biological activity of plant extracts against the target animal enzyme and was tested in vitro by measure of phosphate released from enzymatically hydrolyzed ATP (photometrically quantified at 700 nm, n = 3 biological replicates for uninduced plants of each species’ tested on the Na + /K + ‐ATPase of sensitive porcine and monarch pumps; Agrawal et al. ). Although toxin function (binding to Na + /K + ‐ATPase) is expected to follow proportionally from cardenolide concentration, recent evidence has demonstrated specificity, whereby highly specialized monarchs are more or less strongly impacted than expected for particular compounds (Agrawal et al.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although toxin function (binding to Na + /K + ‐ATPase) is expected to follow proportionally from cardenolide concentration, recent evidence has demonstrated specificity, whereby highly specialized monarchs are more or less strongly impacted than expected for particular compounds (Agrawal et al. , Petschenka et al. ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analysis of cardenolides concentration by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inhibition of the sensitive porcine and specialized monarch butterfly Na + /K + ‐ATPase followed standard protocols (Agrawal et al. ). In particular, HPLC was used to quantify concentrations on the >1300 plants based on UV absorption, careful examination of absorbance spectra for peaks at 218 nm, and an internal standard (digitoxin).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trade‐offs constrain the evolution of an inducible defense within but not between plant species

Agrawal

Hastings

2019

Ecology

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Citation: Agrawal, A. A., and A. P. Hastings. 2019. Trade-offs constrain the evolution of an inducible defense within but not between plant species. Ecology 100(12):Abstract. Inducible defense is a common form of phenotypic plasticity, and inducibility (change in defense after herbivore attack) has long been predicted to trade off with constitutive (or baseline) defense to manage resource allocation. Although such trade-offs likely constrain evolution within species, the extent to which they influence divergence among species is unresolved. We studied cardenolide toxins among genetic families in eight North American Asclepias species, spanning the full range of defense in the genus. Using common environment experiments and chemical assays, we report a consistent trade-off (negative genetic correlation) between concentrations of constitutive cardenolides and their inducibility within each species. However, no trade-off was found in a phylogenetic analysis across species. To investigate factors driving differences in defense allocation among species we used latitude as a proxy for growing season and herbivore pressure and found that divergence into lower latitudes resulted in evolution of higher cardenolides overall. Next we used an enzymatic assay of the cellular target of cardenolides (sodium-potassium ATPase) and confirm that higher cardenolides resulted in stronger toxicity to a sensitive species, but not to specialized monarch butterflies. Thus, plant speciation into biogeographic regions with alternative resources or pest pressure resulted in the macroevolution of cardenolide defense, especially against unspecialized herbivores. Nonetheless, trade-offs persist in the extent to which this defense is allocated constitutively or is inducible among genotypes within each species.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trade‐offs constrain the evolution of an inducible defense within but not between plant species

Agrawal

Hastings

2019

Ecology

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Modern methods for identification and quantification of cardiac glycosides

Evdokimova,

Beketova,

Naumova

et al. 2023

Vedomosti Nauchnogo tsentra ekspertizy sredstv meditsinskogo pr

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Scientific relevance. Cardiac glycosides have been used in medicine for over two centuries. Current studies suggest that biologically active substances from this group can be used to treat not only heart conditions but also viral infections, cancers, and other diseases. Therefore, quality control methods for cardiac glycosides are becoming increasingly relevant.Aim. Based on a review of Russian and international quality standards, as well as up-to-date scientific data, this study aimed to identify promising methods for the identification and quantification of cardiac glycosides in herbal drugs and herbal medicinal products, as well as to evaluate the possibility of substituting physicochemical methods for biological methods.Discussion. The methods that are currently used to standardise cardiac glycosides are either not selective or require laboratory animals (biological test systems). According to a study of pharmacopoeial methods for the identification of cardiac glycosides in herbal drugs and herbal medicinal products, chemical identification tests and thin-layer chromatography continue to be relevant. Quantitative testing of herbal drugs and extracts uses biological and non-selective (spectrophotometry) methods, whereas chromatography is described only in general and individual monographs for herbal drug preparations containing individual cardiac glycosides and medicinal products containing these preparations. Upon analysing quality standards and scientific publications, the authors identified potentially promising methods for the quantification of cardiac glycosides in herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations, and herbal medicinal products, namely chromatographic methods.Conclusions. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid cjromatography (HPLC) with spectrophotometric detection is the most suitable method for pharmacopoeial analysis. The development of an HPLC-based analytical procedure to determine the cardiac glycoside content will provide an opportunity to advance from biological or non-selective methods to more ethical and selective up-to-date techniques.

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Toxicity of the spiny thick‐foot Pachypodium

Cited by 2 publications

References 54 publications

Trade‐offs constrain the evolution of an inducible defense within but not between plant species

Trade‐offs constrain the evolution of an inducible defense within but not between plant species

Modern methods for identification and quantification of cardiac glycosides

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