N × N optical phased array with 2N phase shifters

Ashtiani, Farshid; Aflatouni, Firooz

doi:10.1364/oe.27.027183

Cited by 64 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The radiated power is desired to be distributed on a certain angular range or FOV which is a property of the antenna pattern. Antenna pattern or directivity pattern, D(θ, φ), is a function of elevation angle, θ, and azimuth angle, φ, and characterizes the relative power density in each direction to the average power density radiated by the antenna 3 .…”

Section: Receiving Photonic Antennamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breaking FOV-Aperture Trade-Off With Multi-Mode Nano-Photonic Antennas

Fatemi

Khial

Khachaturian

et al. 2021

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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Nano-photonic antennas are one of the key components in integrated photonic transmitter and receiver systems. Conventionally, grating couplers, designed to couple into an optical fiber, suffering from limitations such as large footprint and small field-of-view (FOV) have been used as on-chip antennas. The challenge of the antenna design is more pronounced for the receiver systems, where both the collected power by the antenna and its FOV often need to be maximized. While some novel solutions have been demonstrated recently, identifying fundamental limits and trade-offs in nano-photonic antenna design is essential for devising compact antenna structures with improved performance. In this paper, the fundamental electromagnetic limits, as well as fabrication imposed constraints on improving antenna effective aperture and FOV are studied, and approximated performance upper limits are derived and quantified. By deviating from the conventional assumptions leading to these limits, high-performance multi-mode antenna structures with performance characteristics beyond the conventional perceived limits are demonstrated. Finally, the application of a pillar multimode antenna in a dense array is discussed, an antenna array with more than 95% collection efficiency and 170°FOV is demonstrated, and a coherent receiving system utilizing such an aperture is presented.

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Section: Receiving Photonic Antennamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some literature, port mismatch is not included in the radiation efficiency and the net power accepted by the antenna is considered3 The field pattern of the antenna quantifies the magnitude of the field instead of power and thus is the square root of the power pattern…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Breaking FOV-Aperture Trade-Off With Multi-Mode Nano-Photonic Antennas

Fatemi

Khial

Khachaturian

et al. 2021

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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“…For example, in the 8 × 8 OPA shown in Fig. 3(c), 16 phase shifters are placed outside of the antenna array by utilizing the parallel optical power division network, and a 2D beam steering in the range of 7° × 7° is achieved [21]. Similarly, a larger 2D OPA with 128 antennas was proposed, and a large beam steering range of 16° × 16° with the beam width of 0.8° × 0.8° was realized by designing a nonuniform sparse antenna array [22].…”

Section: B Photonic Integrated Opas With 2d Antenna Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(b) Schematic and the microphotograph of the fabricated 8 × 8 monolithic OPA with optical and distinct electrical components[20]. (c) Layout of the 8 × 8 OPA with 16 phase shifters placed outside of the array aperture[21].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Photonic Integrated Optical Phased Arrays for Space Optical Communication

He¹,

Dong²,

Xu³

2020

IEEE Access

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A review of photonic integrated optical phased array (OPA) for space optical communication is presented. We review and summarize the typical works of the photonic integrated OPAs with onedimensional and two-dimensional optical antenna array in recent years. The basic components of the photonic integrated OPA are introduced separately, including optical coupler, optical power division network, phase shifter, and optical antenna. In addition, the configuration of the optical antenna array and the control circuit are introduced for OPA beam steering. The basic principle and experiment setup for testing the radiation properties of the OPA are presented. A proof-of-concept nonuniform silicon integrated OPA with 64 antennas is designed and a one-dimensional beam steering range of 28° is achieved with beam width of about 0.25°. The challenges and development trends of large-scale integrated OPA chip applied in space optical communication are also discussed. INDEX TERMS Beam steering, large scale, optical phased array, photonic integration, space optical communication I. INTRODUCTION Recently, radio frequency (RF) communication has been widely used in our daily life, but the communication speed is low and cannot reach to a few Gbps. With the demand of large-capacity and high-speed communication, the communication frequency gradually expands to high frequency. Space optical communication possesses significant advantages of large communication capacity, convenient networking, concentrated energy and good security. With the rapid growth of satellite-to-ground and inter-satellite transmission bandwidth requirements, space optical communication will be an important means of highspeed inter-satellite communication and networking. The current satellite-borne laser communication terminal achieves acquisition, tracking and pointing (ATP) by using the mechanic servo and optical lens, but this method has some shortcomings, such as low steering speed, no beam agility, large volume and heavy weight. In the practical application of low earth orbit (LEO) satellite network with inter-satellite links, one of the satellite nodes of inter-satellite laser communication network needs to establish at least four links with its neighbors. As shown in Fig. 1, four links between LEO satellite A and its neighboring satellites B, C, D, and E are established, which include two links with satellite nodes in the same orbit and other two links with satellite nodes in different orbits. Due to the limitation of heavy weight and large volume of the mechanical servo and optical lens, the traditional beam-steering system cannot meet the requirement of inter-satellite networking for fast establishment of multiple links simultaneously.

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“…The emission angle ψ of the grating structures, used as optical emitters of the OPA, depends on the wavelength λ, therefore in combination with tunable lasers, they allow for two-dimensional beam steering [15]. Alternatively, using a 2D array of optical emitters, two-dimensional beam steering could be achieved using single wavelength lasers [8,14,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CMOS-Compatible Measures for Thermal Management of Phase-Sensitive Silicon Photonic Systems

2020

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To date, several photonic applications have been demonstrated without considerable thermal management efforts. However, in phase-sensitive photonic applications, thermal management becomes of utmost importance. Thermal management of photonic systems requires not only efficient heat dissipation, but also reduction of on-chip temperature gradients. Particularly in highly integrated systems, in which several components are integrated within a single photonic integrated circuit, the reduction of on-chip temperature gradients is necessary to guarantee the correct functionality of the system. Due to their high integration density as well as their extreme temperature sensitivity, optical phased arrays are ideal examples of a system, where thermal management is required. Ideally, thermal management solutions of such systems should not require additional power for operation. Therefore, it is desired to improve the heat dissipation and to reduce temperature gradients by structural modifications of the photonic circuit. Furthermore, to cope with the advantages of silicon photonics, thermal management solutions must be compatible with series fabrication processes. In this work, complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible measures for thermal management of silicon photonic integrated circuits are proposed and validated by characterization of in-house fabricated thermal demonstrators. The proposed concepts are extremely efficient not only in reducing temperature gradients, but also in improving the heat dissipation from integrated heat sources.

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N × N optical phased array with 2N phase shifters

Cited by 64 publications

References 12 publications

Breaking FOV-Aperture Trade-Off With Multi-Mode Nano-Photonic Antennas

Breaking FOV-Aperture Trade-Off With Multi-Mode Nano-Photonic Antennas

Review of Photonic Integrated Optical Phased Arrays for Space Optical Communication

CMOS-Compatible Measures for Thermal Management of Phase-Sensitive Silicon Photonic Systems

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