N , N- Dimethylformamide - influence of working conditions and skin penetration on the internal exposure of workers in synthetic textile production

Wrbitzky, Renate; Angerer, Jürgen

doi:10.1007/s004200050286

Cited by 28 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This is consistent with the results of Chou et al (2004) who reported that the rayon workers who had hand dermatitis tended to have higher internal exposure to CS 2 than those who had healthy skin. Higher absorption through diseased skin was also reported for dimethyl formamide in workers in synthetic textile production (Wrbitzky and Angerer 1998), although the number of workers with damaged skin (eczema) in this study was rather low. In the rubber industry, a signiWcantly higher internal exposure to aromatic amines was found in workers with erythema as compared to workers with healthy skin (Korinth et al 2007).…”

Section: Field Studiessupporting

confidence: 63%

Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin

Kežić

Nielsen

2009

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Skin is an important route of entry for many chemicals in the work place. To assess systemic uptake of a chemical in contact with the skin, quantitative information on dermal absorption rates of chemicals is needed. Absorption rates are mainly obtained from studies performed with intact, healthy skin. At the work place, however, a compromised skin barrier, although not necessarily visible is common, e.g. due to physical and chemical damage. As reviewed in this article, there are several lines of evidence that reduced integrity of the skin barrier may increase dermal absorption of chemicals in the occupational setting. An impaired skin barrier might lead not only to enhanced absorption of a specific chemical, but also to entrance of larger molecules such as proteins and nanoparticles which normally are not able to penetrate intact skin. In addition to environmental influences, there is increasing evidence that some individuals have an intrinsically affected skin barrier which will facilitate entrance of chemicals into and through the skin making these persons more susceptible for local as well for systemic toxicity. This review addresses mechanisms of barrier alteration caused by the most common skin-damaging factors in the occupational settings and the consequences for dermal absorption of chemicals. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the importance of maintained barrier properties of the skin.

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Section: Field Studiessupporting

confidence: 63%

Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin

Kežić

Nielsen

2009

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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“…In the present study the presence of NMF in morning urine samples was observed in all workers (GM=5.5 mg/l; GSD=3.2) indicating delayed excretion of DMF. Our results seem to be contradicted by Wrbitzky and Angerer (1998); these authors claim that no accumulation of NMF was detected during the 4 days of investigation. One explanation of this contradictory result is the diversity of mean levels of environmental exposure, which were 3.6 mg/m 3 and 8.9 mg/m 3 , respectively, in the Wrbitzky and Angerer paper and in the present work.…”

Section: Urinary Excretion Of Nmfcontrasting

confidence: 83%

Urinary determination of N -acetyl- S -( N -methylcarbamoyl)cysteine and N -methylformamide in workers exposed to N , N -dimethylformamide

Imbriani

Maestri

Marraccini³

et al. 2002

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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The mean time-weighted average (TWA) exposure was approximately half (13.5 mg/m(3)) of the current threshold limit value, the range of the values was from 0.4 to 75.2 mg/m(3). Environmental DMF concentrations exhibited a significant correlation with the specific mercapturic acid (AMCC) collected at the end of the working week (AMCC Friday morning mg/l=1.384xDMF (mg/m(3))+8.708; r(2)=0.47; P<0.008]; hence urinary AMCC represents an index of the average exposure during several preceding working days, making it possible to calculate the approximate relationship between DMF uptake and excretion of this metabolite. A significant correlation was found also between the daily excretion of NMF and the corresponding levels of DMF in air. The equation of the regression line was: NMF (mg/g creatinine)=0.936xDMF (mg/m(3))+7.306; r(2)=0.522 ( P<0.0001).

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“…Based on the strong relationship between environmental DMF and urinary NMF level, exposure to 10 ppm DMF in workplace air has been reported to correspond to a mean urinary NMF of 18.2 mg/l [11], 39.6 mg/l [3], 24.3 mg/l [27] or 15 mg/l [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to N , N -dimethylformamide in synthetic leather manufacturing factories in Korea

Kim

Heo

et al. 2004

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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Geometric mean of workplace air DMF and urinary NMF was 8.8 ppm and 47.5 mg/l, respectively, and the level of DMF and NMF was significantly correlated. The biological exposure limit for NMF (15 mg/ml) was exceeded in 89.5% of urine samples, and 37.9% of air samples exceeded the environmental DMF exposure limit (10 ppm), indicating a serious health risk to the employees of the synthetic leather industry in Korea. Exposure to 10 ppm DMF in the workplace air corresponded to a urinary NMF concentration of 53.4 mg/l. Alcohol intake the day before urine was sampled influenced NMF excretion into urine (40.5 mg/l NMF for the no-alcohol group and 94.6 mg/l for the group consuming more than 63.0 g alcohol/day). We could not find a significant relationship between air DMF and urinary AMCC concentration. Exposure to 10 ppm DMF corresponded to an AMCC concentration of 8.0 mg/l in the urine samples collected on the same day as the air was sampled.

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N , N- Dimethylformamide - influence of working conditions and skin penetration on the internal exposure of workers in synthetic textile production

Abstract: From the point of view of the prevention of disease, biological monitoring is the best instrument for exposure assessment of workers exposed to DMF.

Cited by 28 publications

References 31 publications

Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin

Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin

Urinary determination of N -acetyl- S -( N -methylcarbamoyl)cysteine and N -methylformamide in workers exposed to N , N -dimethylformamide

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to N , N -dimethylformamide in synthetic leather manufacturing factories in Korea

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