n-Butanol droplet combustion: Numerical modeling and reduced gravity experiments

Comprehensive study of initial diameter effects and other observations on convection-free droplet combustion in the standard atmosphere for n-heptane, n-octane, and n-decane

“…A scaling argument was used to relate the average burning rate with initial droplet diameter that was in reasonably good agreement with the measurements. mainly a loss mechanism to the ambience [8,23] ; extinction is not considered (the existence of a 'hot' flame is presumed and we do not consider flames that arise by transitions to an LTC regime of burning); the gas is optically thin; the characteristic droplet dimension is D o ; T f (flame temperature) is much larger than T ∞ (far field temperature) (e.g., for heptane, T f ∼220 0 K and T ∞ ∼30 0 K); though the droplet flames form soot, this effect is not considered to influence the burning rate (e.g., an analysis that neglected soot formation yielded good agreement of burning rates for heptane [61] ). We note that the data in Figs.…”

On the Vaporization Rate and Flame Shape of Nonspherical Droplets

“…While the vaporization and combustion of droplets has been extensively studied theoretically, experimentally, and numerically [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19], there is still no detailed theory for deformed droplets [20]. In order to make analysis of the problem more tractable, a number of simplifying assumptions are typically made to the problem.…”

A review of the combustion and emissions properties of advanced transportation biofuels and their impact on existing and future engines

“…This is complicated by the fact that the carbon bonded to the OH functional group only contributes one half of a carbon to the soot-formation radical pool [146]. Droplet combustion experiments of n-butanol showed very low soot levels due to less acetylene production during the combustion process [271]. Blends of n-butanol with n-dodecane show a reduced sooting propensity for butanol, but also a lower rate of soot oxidation after it is formed that can slow soot burnout before exhaust [272], which could lead to higher net PM emissions.…”