Parasitic, fungal, bacterial and viral diseases of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are reviewed. Besides a genera1 overview of parasites of carp, swimbladder inflammation, caused by Sphaerospora spp., is discussed in detail. Saprolegnia spp. is the most important fungal pathogen. Aeromonas hydrophila and the atypical Aeromonas salmonicida, as well as Flexibactercolumnaris, are described as the major bacterial pathogens of carp. Spring viraemia of carp caused by Rhabdouirus carpio is presented as the main viral infection of common carp. Details on methods of treatment and prevention are presented together with a description of the given diseases. The role of environmental stress, including "normal" culture practice and pollution, in the outbreak of diseases of common carp is discussed. Prospective methods to minimize the risk of diseases as well as their limitations are presented. * Corresponding author. 0044-8486/95/$09.50 0 1995 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved SSD,OO44-8486(94)00283-5