The evaluation and treatment of common ocular disorders in teleosts

The fine structure of the turbot eye (Scophtalmus maximus): A macro‐anatomical, light and scanning electron microscopical study

“…The tunica vasculosa bulbi, which was identified as a vascular structure between the retina and the sclera, was determined in this study to consist of the choroidea and the iris, similar to previous literature (Genten et al, 2009;Williams & Whitaker, 1997). A corpus ciliare, which is found in aquatic mammals (Rodrigues et al, 2014), was not found in the turbot.…”

“…In the agnatha, the lens is not attached to the eyeball, but rather, it is held in place by the pressure of the corpus vitreum from the posterior side and by the cornea from the anterior side (Demir, 2009;Ekingen, 2001). In teleosts, it was found that the lens was suspended with five ligaments around the equatorial plane, effectively preventing the rotation and unwanted lateral displacement of the lens (Khorramshahi et al, 2008;Williams & Whitaker, 1997). In the turbot, the binding of the lens to the eyeball with ligaments as in osteichthyes and chondrichthyes was similar to what has been mentioned in the literature (Demir, 2009;Ekingen, 2001;Khorramshahi et al, 2008;Williams & Whitaker, 1997).…”

“…The choroid rete is well developed, and an intricate array of arterioles and capillaries form a rete mirable in all fish species (Genten et al, 2009;Williams & Whitaker, 1997). Ollivier et al (2004) reported that the choroidea's connective layer was very rich in blood vessels and contained one or two choroid glands in the teleost.…”

“…The eyeball of many fish species, including the stingray, anglerfish (Demir, 2009), flounder, halibut (Demir, 2009;Ekingen, 2001), winged spookfish (Wagner et al, 1998), Conger eel (Ekingen, 2001), hagfish, cavefish (Kuru, 2011), humpback whale (Rodrigues et al, 2014) Zebrafish (Greiling & Clark, 2008), sardine (Salem, 2016), lizard fish (Fishelson, Delarea, & Goren, 2012), cichlids (Schobert et al, 2013), goby fish (Schmitz & Wainwright, 2011) and marine teleost fish (Darwish, Mohalal, Helal, & El-Sayyad, 2015) has been examined morphologically. In addition, some authors have studied visual adaptations of the eye (El-Bakary & Abumandour, 2017;Wagner et al, 1998), and lens suspension in bony fishes (Khorramshahi, Schartau, & Kröger, 2008) as well as the evaluation and treatment of common ocular disorders in teleost fish (Williams & Whitaker, 1997).…”

The role of dietary vitamin A in mechanisms of cataract development in the teleost lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L)

“…. Known causes for cataract in fish include suboptimal temperature, poor nutrition, parasitic infection, and trauma, among others (Adamovicz et al, 2015;Hargis, 1991;Jonassen et al, 2017;Treasurer et al, 2007;Williams & Whitaker, 1997). In salmon, cataract is linked to various factors such as low levels of dietary histidine (Breck et al, 2003(Breck et al, , 2005Waagbø et al, 2010), changes in water temperature (Bjerkås et al, 2001) and oxidative stress (Remø et al, 2011).…”