Myopia prevalence and risk factors in children

Theophanous, Christos; Modjtahedi, Bobeck S.; Batech, Michael; Marlin, David S; Luong, Tiffany; Fong, Donald S.

doi:10.2147/opth.s164641

Cited by 92 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…We also found that the prevalence of myopia in girls was higher than that in boys, which was consistent with the findings in other Chinese locations, such as Guangzhou [15] and Xichang [24]. Previous studies indicated that older children had a higher risk of myopia [2,15,25], which was further confirmed by our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors among primary students in Chongqing: multilevel modeling

et al. 2020

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Background: The prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors among children in Chongqing has not yet been determined. This study investigated the prevalence of myopia and possible relationships between myopia and several related factors among school children in Chongqing. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed a sample of 997 children (7-13 years of age) attending primary school in Chongqing. Data were obtained from visual acuity and refractive error measurements and a structured questionnaire. Myopia was defined as visual acuity < 5.0 and refractive error (spherical equivalent) of < − 0.50 diopters (D) in either eye. Multilevel modeling was applied to investigate potential risk factors. Results: The overall prevalence of myopia was 33.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 31.0-36.8]; myopia prevalence significantly increased with age. Girls were at a higher risk of myopia than boys [odds ratio (OR) = 1.449, 95% CI = 1.060-1.979]. Children with paternal myopia (OR = 2.130, 95% CI = 1.376-3.297) or maternal myopia (OR = 1.861, 95% CI =1.153-3.002) had a higher risk of myopia than those without myopic parents. Children who spent more than 1 h daily outdoors were less likely to have myopia; meanwhile, children who did homework more than 3 h daily (OR = 2.237, 95% CI = 1.041-4.804), watched television more than 3 h daily (OR = 2.106, 95% CI = 1.200-3.697), or played electronics more than 1 h daily (OR = 2.983, 95% CI = 2.088-4.262) had a higher risk of myopia. Conclusions: Myopia in school children is a serious public health problem in Chongqing. Myopia was significantly positively associated with higher age, female sex, parental myopia, and spending a long time indoors; notably, playing with electronics had the greatest influence on the risk of myopia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors among primary students in Chongqing: multilevel modeling

et al. 2020

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“…18 When only rural areas are considered; however, prevalence of myopia in that study (16.3%) was slightly higher than that of our study. 18 Previous studies conducted in China, [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] South Korea, 30 Australia, 32 France, 33 and the USA 34 reported higher prevalence of myopia, while studies conducted in India, 35 Saudi Arabia, [36][37][38] Brazil, 39 and Paraguay 40 reported lower prevalence than that reported presently. These differences may occur due to differences in subject ages, cut-off thresholds for myopia diagnosis, or methods of measurement (cycloplegia or noncycloplegia).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

<p>The Prevalence of Myopia and Factors Associated with It Among Secondary School Children in Rural Vietnam</p>

Hung¹,

Chinh²,

Tan

et al. 2020

OPTH

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Purpose: To assess the prevalence of myopia and associated factors among secondary school children in a rural area of Vietnam. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study of children in grades six to nine was conducted in four secondary schools in Hoang Mai town, Nghe An Province, Vietnam, during December 2018 and January 2019. The status of myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent objective refractive error of −0.50 D or worse in either eye. A case-control study was conducted to explore factors associated with myopia, where children with myopia were considered to be cases, and children without myopia were considered to be controls. Factors associated with myopia were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of myopia among secondary school children was 14.2% (95% CI: 12.7-15.7%) and tended to increase with grade, from 10.5% in grade six to 17.7% in grade nine. Myopia prevalence in girls was significantly higher than in boys. Factors associated with myopia were a mother with a college/university education (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.2-5.3), parents who wore spectacles (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1-3.8), distance from near work (OR = 5.2, 95% CI = 3.5-7.9), and taking breaks after 30 minutes of continued reading (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1-2.5). However, there were inverse associations with myopia for children belonging to the wealthiest households (OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1-0.5) and time spent performing outdoor activities (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4-0.9). Conclusion: Our study showed that the prevalence of myopia is considerable among secondary children in rural areas of Vietnam. The prevalence of myopia tended to increase among children in higher grade levels. Thus, appropriate interventions should be developed and conducted to deal with the issue of school-age myopia.

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“…Myopia was also common in a diverse Southern Californian pediatric cohort and children of Asian ancestry had the highest prevalence. Particular lifestyle habits in different populations may partially explain dissimilarities in myopia prevalence [62]. It has been suggested that a probable causative role in the development of myopia is the competitive and stressful education systems in some East Asian countries [83].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of myopia at the final time-point was 17.9% and was not associated with physical activity. In an American cohort, exercise was associated with a lower rate of myopia [62]. Tideman et al found that myopic children (n = 5711, six-year-old children) in Europe spent less time outdoors, have lower vitamin D3 and higher body mass index than non-myopic children [23].…”

Section: Risk Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Kanclerz²,

et al. 2020

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Background: Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. Children with early onset are at particular risk of complications associated with myopia, as progression over time might result in high myopia and myopic macular degeneration. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the increasing prevalence of myopia. The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 6-19 years) around the world. Main body: PubMed and Medline were searched for the following keywords: prevalence, incidence, myopia, refractive error, risk factors, children and visual impairment. English language articles published between were included in the study. Studies were critically reviewed for study methodology and robustness of data. Eighty studies were included in this literature review. Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. Studies reporting on non-cycloplegic measurements show exceptionally high myopia prevalence rates in school children in East Asia (73%), and high rates in North America (42%). Low prevalence under 10% was described in African and South American children. In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25 cm and living in an urban environment. Conclusion: Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. New epidemiological studies should be carried out on implementation of public health strategies to tackle and avoid myopia. As the myopia prevalence rates in noncycloplegic studies are overestimated, we recommend considering only cycloplegic measurements.

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Myopia prevalence and risk factors in children

Cited by 92 publications

References 37 publications

Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors among primary students in Chongqing: multilevel modeling

Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors among primary students in Chongqing: multilevel modeling

<p>The Prevalence of Myopia and Factors Associated with It Among Secondary School Children in Rural Vietnam</p>

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

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