Myocarditis caused by Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Five Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Rolim, Verônica Machado; Casagrande, Renata Assis; Wouters, Angélica Terezinha Barth; Driemeier, David; Pavarini, Saulo Petinatti

doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.180

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Feline parvovirus genomic material has been isolated from the hearts of cats with cardiomyopathy and myocarditis (Robinson & Robinson 2016). Furthermore, researchers have suggested the possible involvement of the feline immunodeficiency virus in cats with lymphocytic myocarditis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, although the cause and effect have not been well understood (Robinson & Robinson 2016, Rolim et al 2016. In recent studies, no related viral agents have been identified in HCM and RCM (Kimura et al 2016, McEndaffer et al 2017.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and pathological aspects of cardiomyopathies in cats in southern Brazil

et al. 2020

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Cardiomyopathies are considered one of the most important causes of heart failure in cats and are subdivided into three main morphological types: hypertrophic (HCM), dilated (DCM), and restrictive (RCM). This study aimed to determine the frequency and types of cardiomyopathies in cats diagnosed in southern Brazil, with an emphasis on their epidemiological and pathological aspects. Necropsy reports filed in a veterinary pathology laboratory were reviewed, and cats diagnosed with cardiomyopathy were selected for the study. Animal identification data, history and clinical signs, and gross lesions, were reviewed and compiled. During the study period, 1.594 cat necropsies were performed, of which 72 (4.5%) comprised a diagnosis of cardiomyopathy. HCM was the most frequent followed by CMR and CMD, representing 77.8%, 12.5% and 9.7%, respectively. Age ranged from three months to 18 years, with a median age of seven years. In relation to sex, 62.5% were males and 37.5% females. In 76.4% of the cases, it affected cats without a breed defined. Restrictive mixed dyspnea and hydrothorax were the main signs or findings of the clinical examination. Sudden death and acute paresis of the pelvic limbs due to aortic thromboembolism have also been described. In HCM, myocardial thickening was observed, with a reduction in the ventricular chamber. Hypertrophy, disarray, and fibrosis of the myofibers were the main histological findings. In RCM, whitish and thickened endocardium was seen in most cases. DCM was characterized by dilated cardiac chambers, and microscopic examination revealed no significant findings. The main extra cardiac lesions revealed pulmonary edema and congestion, hydrothorax and chronic passive congestion of the liver. Cardiomyopathies are important causes of death in cats and should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with cardio respiratory clinical signs and in cases related to sudden death and acute paresis of the pelvic limbs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and pathological aspects of cardiomyopathies in cats in southern Brazil

et al. 2020

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“…Myocarditis is a form of myocardial disease characterised by the presence of inflammation in response to physical, chemical and infectious agents. Reports of dogs and cats with infectious myocarditis caused by systemic diseases, such as protozoa (Trypanosoma cruzi, Hepatozoon species, Leishmania species, Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii), viruses (FIV, parvovirus, West Nile virus), bacteria (Bartonella species, Bacillus piliformis, Citrobacter koseri), spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi) and, in some cases, opportunistic fungi (Blastomyces species) [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] have been described. To date, as far as the authors are aware, there have been no reports of FCoV as the cause of myocarditis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline coronavirus-associated myocarditis in a domestic longhair cat

Ernandes¹,

Cantoni

Armando

et al. 2019

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports

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Case summary A 9-month-old entire male domestic longhair indoor cat presented with a 3-week history of fluctuating fever, weight loss and small intestine diarrhoea, which was unresponsive to antibiotics and supportive treatment. Abdominal ultrasound revealed severe jejunal and ileocolic junction intestinal wall thickening with loss of layering. An enterectomy was performed and histopathology revealed severe pyogranulomatous enteritis with vasculitits, compatible with the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Four days after surgery, the cat re-presented with anorexia and acute onset of expiratory dyspnoea. Echocardiography showed left ventricular hypertrophy and bilateral atrial enlargement. Congestive heart failure caused by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was suspected and treatment with furosemide was started, which led to amelioration of the clinical signs. The following day, four-limb ataxia, hypermetria and bilateral uveitis were evident. Given the persistent anorexia and worsening of the clinical signs, the cat was humanely euthanized and a post-mortem examination was performed. Necropsy revealed multifocal pyogranulomatous lesions involving multiple organs (adrenal glands, kidneys, lungs, brain, myocardium, lymph nodes, liver), compatible with the diagnosis of FIP. Immunohistochemistry performed on the myocardium revealed feline coronavirus-positive macrophages associated with pyogranulomatous lesions, justifying a diagnosis of feline coronavirus-associated myocarditis. Relevance and novel information To the authors’ knowledge, the case described here represents the first published report of feline coronavirus-associated myocarditis. This should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in cats presenting with cardiac-related signs and other clinical signs compatible with FIP.

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“…Myocardial edema is one of the main features of the inflammatory response in acute myocarditis in humans . Myocarditis is poorly described in small animals but increased LVWT can occur with toxoplasma myocarditis, myocarditis caused by FIV, and in eosinophilic myocarditis . The increased LVWT can normalize if the patient survives the acute CHF episode, as described in a cat with toxoplasma myocarditis …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient Myocardial Thickening in Cats Associated with Heart Failure

Matos

Pereira

Glaus

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundCats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and congestive heart failure (CHF) can have resolution of both left ventricular hypertrophy and CHF.ObjectivesTo describe the clinical characteristics of cats with transient myocardial thickening (TMT) and CHF compared with a control population of cats without resolution of HCM.AnimalsA total of 21 cats with TMT, 21 cats with HCM.MethodsRetrospective study. Clinical records at 4 veterinary centers were searched for TMT cases and a control group of cats with HCM and CHF. TMT was defined as initial maximal left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT) ≥6 mm with left‐sided CHF, with subsequent resolution of CHF, reduction in left atrium/aorta (LA/Ao), and LVWT<5.5 mm. HCM was defined as persistent LVWT ≥6 mm.ResultsCats with TMT were younger (2 [0.4–11.4] years) than cats with HCM (8 [1.6–14] years) (P < 0.0001), and antecedent events were more common (15/21 versus 6/21, respectively) (P = 0.01). In cats with TMT, LVWT normalized from 6.8 [6.0–9.7] mm to 4.8 [2.8–5.3] mm and LA/Ao decreased from 1.8 [1.6–2.3] to 1.45 [1.2–1.7] after a mean interval of 3.3 (95% CI: 1.8–4.7) months. CHF recurred in 1 of 21 TMT and 15 of 21 cats with HCM. Cardiac treatment was discontinued in 20 of 21 cats with TMT and 0 of 21 HCM cats. All cats with TMT survived, whereas 8 of 19 cats with HCM died during the study period.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTMT occurs in younger cats, and antecedent events are common. The prognosis is better in cats with CHF associated with TMT than HCM.

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Myocarditis caused by Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Five Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Cited by 26 publications

References 16 publications

Epidemiological and pathological aspects of cardiomyopathies in cats in southern Brazil

Epidemiological and pathological aspects of cardiomyopathies in cats in southern Brazil

Feline coronavirus-associated myocarditis in a domestic longhair cat

Transient Myocardial Thickening in Cats Associated with Heart Failure

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