“…Many methods have been used to study the interactions between heparins and proteins such as isothermal titration calorimetry [6][7][8][9][10][11], surface plasmon resonance spectrometry (SPR) [5,6,8,12,13], affinity chromatography (AC) [6,[8][9][10]14,15], nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry [5,6,16], X-ray [5,10,17,18], mass spectrometry [19], circular dichroism [11,14], Fourier transform infrared spectrometry [7], polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [5], fluorescence [20], equilibrium dialysis [9,21] and capillary electrophoresis (CE) [19,22,23]. Among these methods, SPR and AC are widely used, but they require immobilization of either of the involved substances to supporting material and this poses a problem of steric hindrance [24,25].…”