Myeloschisis in Early Human Embryos

Osaka, Keiichi; Matsumoto, Satoshi; Tanimura, Takashi

doi:10.1159/000119791

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…In that region, "there is never a [neural] groove that has to close" (Gruenwald, 1966), i.e., "neural folds are not present" (Lemire, 1969). However they arise, such open lesions, which have been described already at stages 12-14 (Osaka et al, 1978), seem to appear during the period of primary neurulation (stages 8-12).…”

Section: Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Somitic‐vertebral correlation and vertebral levels in the human embryo

Müller

OʼRahilly

1986

Am. J. Anat.

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Somitic and vertebral interrelationships and levels were studied in 84 human embryos of stages 9-23 (3-8 postovulatory weeks). The first four somites are occipital, the occipitocervical junction is at somites 4/5, and eight somites are involved in the cervical region: X, Y, Z, and C. 3-7. By stage 17 the total number of occipitovertebral "units," namely 38 or 39, is attained. Resegmentation (Neugliederung) of sclerotomes is not supported. A new scheme of somitic/vertebral correlation is proposed in which somites and centra are in register. Differential growth of the regions of the vertebral column was calculated, and it was found that the percentages of the total column occupied by the various regions vary from one stage to another. The cervical and coccygeal regions decrease, the thoracic and lumbar regions increase, and the sacral region remains more or less constant during embryonic development. The following structures descend with reference to the vertebral column during the embryonic period proper: roots of lower limbs, thyroid gland and thymus, tracheal bifurcation, lungs, heart, diaphragm, abdominal arteries, mesonephroi, and suprarenal glands. The gonads may descend slightly. The scapulae and the separation point between the trachea and the esophagus remain at a fairly constant level. The metanephroi ascend. The migration of many of these structures (e.g., the heart, diaphragm, and metanephroi) is much more marked in the embryonic period than later although it continues during the fetal and postnatal periods. The conus medullaris ascends during the fetal period. Anomalies of migration that affect such organs as the thyroid gland, gonads, and metanephroi are discussed.

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Section: Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Somitic‐vertebral correlation and vertebral levels in the human embryo

Müller

OʼRahilly

1986

Am. J. Anat.

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“…OSDs are commonly diagnosed clinically as the neonate presents with a midline reddish exposed neural placode and immediate surgical repair is usually done, so imaging studies are not always performed. It usually involves the lower lumbar and sacral regions (98%) and is rare in cervical and upper thoracic spine, probably because the lesion in these areas are more severe leading to fetal demise[4,13]. …”

Section: Osdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging spectrum of spinal dysraphism on magnetic resonance: A pictorial review

Kumar

Afsal

Garg

2017

WJR

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Congenital malformations of spine and spinal cord are collectively termed as spinal dysraphism. It includes a heterogeneous group of anomalies which result from faulty closure of midline structures during development. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now considered the imaging modality of choice for diagnosing these conditions. The purpose of this article is to review the normal development of spinal cord and spine and reviewing the MRI features of spinal dysraphism. Although imaging of spinal dysraphism is complicated, a systematic approach and correlation between neuro-radiological, clinical and developmental data helps in making the correct diagnosis.

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“…Examination of human embryos and first-trimester fetuses with MMC shows an open but undamaged spinal cord with almost normal cytoarchitecture [21][22][23] . In subsequent studies of spinal cords of midgestational human fetuses with MMC, varying degrees of neural tissue loss were observed almost exclusively in the dorsal, protruding portion of the cord, while the neural elements proximal to the defect were normal ( fig.…”

Section: Embryology and Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal Surgery for Myelomeningocele: Patient Selection, Perioperative Management and Outcomes

Danzer

Adzick²

2011

Fetal Diagn Ther

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Myelomeningocele (MMC), one of the most common congenital malformations, can result in severe lifelong disabilities, including paraplegia, hydrocephalus, Chiari II malformation (CM-II), incontinence, sexual dysfunction, skeletal deformations and mental impairment. MMC was the first nonlethal anomaly to be treated by fetal surgery. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the primary cause of the neurologic deficit associated with MMC is not simply incomplete neurulation but rather chronic mechanical injury and amniotic fluid-induced chemical trauma that progressively damages the exposed neural tissue during gestation. Case series and a prospective, randomized study show that fetal surgery for MMC before 26 weeks’ gestation may preserve neurologic function, reverse the hindbrain herniation of the CM-II and obviate the need for postnatal placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. However, these studies also demonstrate that fetal surgery is associated with significant maternal and fetal risks. Consequently, further research is warranted to further expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of MMC, to evaluate the long-term impact of in utero intervention and to refine the timing and technique of fetal MMC surgery.

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Myeloschisis in Early Human Embryos

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Somitic‐vertebral correlation and vertebral levels in the human embryo

Somitic‐vertebral correlation and vertebral levels in the human embryo

Imaging spectrum of spinal dysraphism on magnetic resonance: A pictorial review

Fetal Surgery for Myelomeningocele: Patient Selection, Perioperative Management and Outcomes

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