Mycotoxins in teas and medicinal plants destined to prepare infusions in Portugal

Duarte, Sofia; Salvador, Nádia; Machado, Filipa; Costa, Eduardo; Almeida, Anabela; Silva, Liliana J.G.; Pereira, André M.P.T.; Lino, Celeste M.; Pena, Angelina

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107290

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Levels of ZEN varied between 33.7 and 114.7 ng/g, and the mean ZEN level was 55.7 ± 26 ng/g. Recent studies have also detected ZEN in AMP as Duarte et al, who detected them in 19 herb samples with smaller ranged values (1.82–19.02 ng/g) than those detected in our analyzed samples [ 33 ]. Concerning the presence of HT-2, one AMP sample of Verveine officinale (2.5%) contained this mycotoxin, with levels up to 2.9 ng/g, and a mean level of 1.47 ± 2.6 ng/g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 42%

“…It should be highlighted that three positive AMP samples (Lavandula intermedia, Myrtus communis, and Rosmarinus officinalis) exceeded the ML (10 ng/g) of Moroccan regulation set for the sum of AFs [32]. (1.82-19.02 ng/g) than those detected in our analyzed samples [33]. Concerning the presence of HT-2, one AMP sample of Verveine officinale (2.5%) contained this mycotoxin, with levels up to 2.9 ng/g, and a mean level of 1.47 ± 2.6 ng/g.…”

Section: Aflatoxins (Afg1 and Afg2)mentioning

confidence: 55%

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Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population

Jai

Zinedine

Juan-García

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Aromatic and medicinal plants (AMPs), as herbal material, are subjected to contamination by various mycotoxin-producing fungi, either free and conjugated. Such a problem is associated with poor storage practices, and lack of adopting good agricultural practices and good harvesting practices. Nevertheless, AMPs are poorly investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the co-occurrence of 15 mycotoxins (four aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), beauvericin (BEA), four enniatins (ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1), zearalenone (ZEN), alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TENT), T-2, and HT-2 toxins) in 40 samples of AMPs frequently consumed in Morocco by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Evaluation of conjugated mycotoxins and their identification using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry with ion mass exact was also carried out. Results showed that 90% of the analyzed samples presented at least one mycotoxin, and 52% presented co-occurrence of them. Mycotoxins detected were: AOH (85%), ZEN (27.5%), β-ZEL (22%), AFG1 (17.5%), TENT (17.5%), ENB (10%), AFG2 (7.5%), α-ZEL (5%), ENA1 (2.5%), and HT-2 (2.5%), while the conjugated mycotoxins were ZEN-14-Glc (11%) and ZEN-14-Sulf (9%). The highest observed level was for AOH, with 309 ng/g. Ten samples exceeded the recommended levels set by the European Pharmacopoeia for AF mycotoxins in plant material (4 ng/g), and three samples exceeded the maximum limits for AFs (10 ng/g) in species established by the European Commission. Although the co-occurrence of several mycotoxins in AMP samples was observed, the dietary exposure assessment showed that the intake of mycotoxins through the consumption of AMP beverages does not represent a risk for the population.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 42%

Section: Aflatoxins (Afg1 and Afg2)mentioning

confidence: 55%

Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population

Jai

Zinedine

Juan-García

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…The natural occurrence of fumonisin B1 was reported by Martins et al [70] both in black tea and other herbs for infusions marketed in Portugal, and this toxin was detected in a 65% of the samples at highly variable levels. Duarte et al [64] also found an important number of tea and herbs samples (62%) contaminated with ZEN in Portugal, and in most cases, this co-occurred with aflatoxins, which should be considered due to the possible synergistic effects. In an integrated study on the occurrence of mycotoxins in dry tea samples, Reinholds et al [71] were able to detect at least one mycotoxin in 90% of the analyzed samples.…”

Section: Herbal Teasmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Many of these studies reported samples contaminated by extremely high mycotoxin levels, which indicates that it is essential to monitor their presence in these commodities, as they might pose a risk to consumer health. Duarte et al [64] analyzed a high number or teas and herbs marketed in Portugal and reported that 65% of the samples were contaminated by aflatoxins at high levels between 2.78 and 28.15 µg/kg. A similar approach carried out in Morocco detected a high contamination of these toxins in tea (58% of contaminated samples) with extremely high levels of total aflatoxins up to 116.2 µg/kg [65].…”

Section: Herbal Teasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in Functional Beverages: A Review

2020

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Consumer dietary habits have drastically changed in recent decades and functional beverages now have a strong position in the market. The majority of these beverages are produced using simple processes that use raw products, such as cereals, legumes, fruits, and nuts, among others, and these are known to be frequently contaminated with mycotoxins. This review is focused on the occurrence of these toxic compounds in plant-based milks, fruit juices, and herbal teas. The fate of the toxins during processing is discussed to establish the potential risk posed by the consumption of these kind of beverages regarding mycotoxin uptake.

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“…Several methodologies for mycotoxins extraction were used, e.g. solid phase extraction (SPE) ( Duarte et al., 2020 ), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) ( Cladière et al., 2018 ), dispersive liquid-liquid extraction (DLLE) ( Hacıbekiroğlu and Kolak, 2013 ; Pallarés, Font, Mañes, & Ferrer, 2017 ), dilute and shot (D & S) ( Cladière et al., 2018 ), QuEChERS ( Dzuman et al., 2015 ), immunoaffinity column (IAC), alone or as a combination of them ( Ye et al., 2020 ). In general and due to strong matrix effects, the mean recovery obtained in tea has been around 80%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a novel UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of ochratoxin A in tea

Cina

Ponce

Martínez

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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The mycotoxin Ochratoxin A (OTA) is responsible for producing many effects on human and animal health. In this work, the evaluation of the presence of OTA in tea beverage samples consisted of extraction and preconcentration through the solidification of a floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) combined with an additional octadecyl silane clean-up step. The obtained extract was analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. Interferences from the matrix were effectively reduced and, consequently, recovery increased from 43.18% ± 4.1%–96.02% ± 2.54%. The validation assays were carried out by external calibration and spiked samples, with satisfactory recoveries. An adequate dynamic calibration range was obtained over a concentration interval between 0.5 and 70 μg mL −1 OTA. Capabilities of detection and quantification were 0.5 and 1.4 μg mL −1 . The obtained Green Certificate was compared with other techniques to establish the greenness profile of the procedure. Quantification of ochratoxin A levels in tea samples was performed.

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Mycotoxins in teas and medicinal plants destined to prepare infusions in Portugal

Cited by 24 publications

References 19 publications

Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population

Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population

Mycotoxins in Functional Beverages: A Review

Development of a novel UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of ochratoxin A in tea

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