Mycotoxins in ingredients of animal feeding stuffs: II. determination of mycotoxins in maize and maize products

Scudamore, K. A.; Nawaz, S.; Hetmanski, M. T.

doi:10.1080/02652039809374597

Cited by 97 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…On the basis of adverse effects on human and animal health and widespread contamination, aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol (replaced in some areas by nivalenol), fumonisins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone are considered as the most important mycotoxins on a worldwide scale [1]. These mycotoxins are known to occur in maize [2], although ochratoxin A is more of a problem in small grain cereals such as barley and wheat [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins and surface and internal fungi of maize from Ethiopia

Ayalew¹

2010

African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development

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Invasion of maize grain by fungi leads to losses in quantity and quality but also to contamination by mycotoxins, fungal metabolites, which are harmful to human and animal health. The problem of mycotoxins is higher in developing countries because of poorly managed environmental factors and due to the gap in supply and demand of food that forces people to consume what they might have otherwise rejected. The objective of this study was to determine the fungi and major mycotoxins that are naturally occurring in maize from Ethiopia where little information existed so far. Maize grain samples of 2004/2005 harvest were collected from small scale farmers' storage in Adama, Ambo and Dire Dawa representing three agroecological zones of Ethiopia. Surface and internal fungi of samples were determined employing dilution plate method on DG-18 agar. Samples were also analyzed for aflatoxins (AFT) and fumonisins (FUM) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and for deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Species of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium occurred in 94%, 76.5% and 64% of the samples, respectively. Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus glaucus were among the dominant species. A. flavus was less frequent. The mean levels of total fungal density ranged from 2.9x10 3 cfu g -1 in maize samples from Dire Dawa, 1.9x10 4 cfug -1 for samples from Adama to 3.8x10 5 cfu g -1 for samples from Ambo. Aflatoxins were detected in 88% of the samples at 27 µg kg -1 in one sample and less than 5 µg kg -1 in others. Fumonisins occurred in two samples from Dire Dawa at 700 and 2400 µg kg -1 , and at 300 µg kg -1 in one sample each from Adama and Ambo. Five samples contained DON at 50 -700 µg kg -1 . NIV was detected at 50, 130 and 210 µg kg -1 . The mycotoxins analyzed played a minor role in the contamination of maize of 2004/05 harvest in Ethiopia. Further monitoring of mycotoxins in maize from different regions of the country is justified in order to conclusively determine the actual risks from mycotoxins and possibly low mycotoxinrisk maize production areas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins and surface and internal fungi of maize from Ethiopia

Ayalew¹

2010

African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development

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“…Esta etapa pode ser conseguida recorrendo à extracção em fase sólida (SPE) em fase reversa, usando sílica octadeciligada (C 18 ) 9,36,41 ou troca aniónica (SAX) 5,29,32,34,38 . Podem também usar-se colunas de imunoafinidade (IAC) 9,25,27,28 e resinas Amberlite XAD 43 . Na Tabela 2 encontram-se explicitados alguns processos de purificação aplicados à análise de fumonisinas.…”

Section: Purificaçãounclassified

Metodologias analíticas para determinação das fumonisinas em milho e alimentos à base de milho

Lino¹,

Silva²,

Pena³

2006

Quím. Nova

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. Fumonisins are mycotoxins occurring worldwide, mainly in maize and maize-based food products, which could affect animal and human health. This paper reviews analytical methodologies for the determination of these fungal toxins in foods. It includes extraction, cleanup, derivatization procedures, detection, quantification, and confirmation procedures. Initial attempts at gas chromatographic methods and thin layer chromatography were supplanted by liquid chromatographic methods, mainly performed with fluorometric detection, or mass spectrometry detection, enabling the analysis of polar and thermolabile chemicals without chemical derivatization, which results in lower limits of detection. Alternative methods, such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay or zone capillary zone electrophoresis, are also described.Keywords: fumonisins; analytical methodologies; maize. . Vinte anos de investigação na possível causa para a elevada incidência de cancro esofágico (EC) na região de Transkei (África do Sul) culminaram com esta descoberta 6 . A FB 1 é um diéster de propano-1,2,3-ácido tricarboxílico e 2S-amino-12S,16R-dimetilo-3S,5R,10R,14S,15R -penta-hidroxieicoisano, em que os grupos hidroxilos em C 14 e C 15 estão esterificados com um grupo carboxilo terminal do ácido tricarboxílico 8,9 . A FB 2 não possui o grupo hidroxilo em C 10 , enquanto que a FB 3 não apresenta o grupo hidroxilo em C 5 (Figura 1). INTRODUÇÃOExistem diferentes séries de fumonisinas, estruturalmente relacionadas: A (A 1 -A 4 ), B (B 1 -B 4 ), C (C 1 -C 4 ) e P 10. No entanto, a que se encontra em maior abundância é a FB 1 , seguindo-se a FB 2 e a FB 3 11, sendo também considerada a mais tóxica. A quantidade de fumonisinas hidrolisadas (HFBs) e parcialmente hidrolisadas (PHFBs) em milho naturalmente contaminado é bastante inferior relativamente à quantidade de fumonisinas intactas. Os métodos utilizados nos processos de fabrico de produtos derivados do milho podem converter fumonisinas intactas em fumonisinas hidrolisadas e parcialmente hidrolisadas 12 . Estas micotoxinas contribuem para uma série de conseqüênci-as a nível celular, como sejam a indução de apoptose e efeitos carcinogénicos [13][14][15][16] .A contaminação de alimentos e rações, com fumonisinas, tem sido associada a doenças várias que podem afectar a saúde em animais e em humanos. São hepatotóxicas e nefrotóxicas para a maioria das espécies animais testadas 17 . Nos cavalos conduzem ao aparecimento de leucoencefalomalacia (ELEM), em suínos provocam edema pulmonar (PPE). Em ovelhas, ratos e coelhos levam à toxicidade renal, sendo também hepatotóxicas para os segundos. Outras espécies também são atingidas por toxicoses provocadas por estas micotoxinas. Também têm sido epidemiologicamente relacionadas com o EC nos humanos, tendo sido declaradas pela IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) como possí-veis carcinogénicos para o homem (grupo 2B) 16 . Estas micotoxinas são citotóxicas e inibem a síntese proteica e do DNA, promovem stress oxidativo, induzem a fragmentação do DNA e inte...

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“…High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods for STC determination are described as single analyte methods (Stack et al, 1976;Schmidt et al, 1981;Abramson and Thorsteinson, 1989;Scudamore et al, 1998a;Tanaka et al, 2007;Versilovskis et al, 2008b) as well as in multi-mycotoxin methods (Hurst et al, 1987;Tangni and Pussemier, 2007). Detection is performed by UV (including diode array detection, DAD) or FLD.…”

Section: Immunochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detection is performed by UV (including diode array detection, DAD) or FLD. HPLC methods are applied to extracts of different food, feed and grain dust matrices with LODs ranging from 0.3 to 100 µg/kg (Scudamore et al, 1998a;Tangni and Pussemier, 2007;Versilovskis et al, 2008b).…”

Section: Immunochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risk for public and animal health related to the presence of sterigmatocystin in food and feed

2013

EFSA Journal

134

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on sterigmatocystin (STC) in food and feed. STC is a polyketide mycotoxin that shares its biosynthetic pathway with aflatoxins. Following an EFSA call for data, analytical results from 247 food and 334 feed samples were submitted. In food, analytical results on STC were reported to be all below the limit of detection or limit of quantification. In feed, only four quantified results were reported. Therefore, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) concluded that the available occurrence data are too limited to carry out a reliable human and animal dietary exposure assessment. Acute oral toxicity of STC is relatively low, and liver and kidneys are the target organs. STC is mutagenic in both bacterial and mammalian cells after metabolic activation and forms DNA adducts. Tumourigenicity has been observed after oral, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and dermal administration resulting in hepatocellular carcinomas, haemangiosarcomas in the liver, angiosarcomas in brown fat and lung adenomas. Since no exposure data were available, the margin of exposure approach for substances that are genotoxic and carcinogenic could not be applied for STC, and thus the CONTAM Panel could not characterise the risk for human health. Regarding animals, the Panel noted that STC is hepatotoxic in poultry and pigs, and nephrotoxic in poultry and toxic in several fish species. However, in the absence of exposure data for livestock, fish and companion animals, and given the limited knowledge on the adverse effects of STC, the CONTAM Panel could not characterise the risk for animal health. More occurrence data on STC in food and feed need to be collected to allow dietary exposure assessment. For food, methods with a limit of quantification of less than 1.5 µg/kg should be applied. Analytical methods for STC in food and feed based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) reach the lowest limits of detection (LOD). However, the sensitivity varies between individual matrices and whether a single or multi-analyte method is applied. So far, no certified reference materials are available for STC. In addition, no proficiency tests for STC analysis in food or feed could be identified.In the literature, only limited information is available on the occurrence of STC in different foods and feed. Most of the earlier studies using methods with rather high LODs/limits of quantification (LOQ) report a high percentage of left-censored data (often 100 %) on food and feed. Two recent studies using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with an LOD of 0.15 µg/kg and an LOQ of 0.3 µg/kg reported STC positive samples of bread and of grain intended for use as animal feed. While these data indicate that these methods are sufficiently sensitive to quantify STC in food and feed, the data were insufficient to use for a reliable exposure assessment.Moreover, STC has been occasionally reported t...

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Mycotoxins in ingredients of animal feeding stuffs: II. determination of mycotoxins in maize and maize products

Cited by 97 publications

References 10 publications

Mycotoxins and surface and internal fungi of maize from Ethiopia

Mycotoxins and surface and internal fungi of maize from Ethiopia

Metodologias analíticas para determinação das fumonisinas em milho e alimentos à base de milho

Scientific Opinion on the risk for public and animal health related to the presence of sterigmatocystin in food and feed

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