Mycotoxins in Durum Wheat Grain: Hygienic‐Health Quality of Sicilian Production

Gallo, Gabriella; Bianco, Marisol Lo; Bognanni, R.; Saimbene, G.

doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00704.x

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…These results were confirmed by Gallo and others [29] who found in Southern Italy (Sicily) an average contamination of 300 μ g kg −1 and 100 μ g kg −1 , respectively, in 2005 and 2006 crop seasons.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Durum Wheat in Conventional and Organic Farming: Yield Amount and Pasta Quality in Southern Italy

Fagnano

Fiorentino

D’Egidio

et al. 2012

The Scientific World Journal

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Five durum wheat cultivars were grown in a Mediterranean area (Southern Italy) under conventional and organic farming with the aim to evaluate agronomic, technological, sensory, and sanitary quality of grains and pasta. The cultivar Matt produced the best pasta quality under conventional cropping system, while the quality parameters evaluated were unsatisfactory under organic farming. The cultivar Saragolla showed the best yield amount and pasta quality in all the experimental conditions, thus proving to be the cultivar more adapt to organic farming. In all the tested experimental conditions, nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) occurrence was very low and the other mycotoxins evaluated were completely absent. These data confirm the low risk of mycotoxin contamination in the Mediterranean climate conditions. Finally, it has been possible to produce high-quality pasta in Southern Italy from durum wheat grown both in conventional and organic farming.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Durum Wheat in Conventional and Organic Farming: Yield Amount and Pasta Quality in Southern Italy

Fagnano

Fiorentino

D’Egidio

et al. 2012

The Scientific World Journal

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“…The contamination of wheat with microscopic filamentous fungi does not necessarily result in the presence of mycotoxins. The emergence of mycotoxins depends on several factors such as relative humidity, temperature, the properties of the substrate composition, and the degree of contamination (9). The optimal conditions for the growth and emergence of aflatoxins by fungi are different; and fungi optimally grow at about 30 °C and 0.95 aw, while mycotoxins' growth is optimal at about 25 to 30 °C and 0.99 aw (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoflora of Fungal Contamination in Wheat Storage (Silos) in Golestan Province, North of Iran

Joshaghani

Namjoo

Rostami

et al. 2013

Jundishapur J Microbiol

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Background: Cereal products are susceptible to mould damage during pre-and post-harvesting stages of the production. The regional specificity of Golestan province in the northern region of of Iran, with its high temperature and high relative humidity, acts as a leading factor for the growth of aflatoxin-producing fungi. It is well known that contamination of starch-based ingredients with mycotoxigenic fungi is a risk factor among the consumers due to its aflatoxins. Objectives: This survey was carried out to determine the extent of fungal contamination of wheat in three silos of Golestan province in Iran. Materials and Methods: 34 samples from three active silos were collected in order to clean the polyethylene bags. Wheat analyzed for fungal contamination and aflatoxins extracted by immunoaffinity column chromatography, and measured by HPLC method. Results: The most common moulds isolated were Alternaria spp. 26.7%, Aspergillus niger 21.4%, Fusarium spp. 17.8%, Aspergillus flavus 10.7%, Cladosporium spp. 10.7%, Penicillium spp. 8.9%, and Rhizopus spp. 3.5%. The screening of aflatoxin, B1, B2, G1 and G2 was carried out. 10(29.4%) samples of wheat had traces of aflatoxin, but in a level lower than the standard levels [Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIR< 15 ng/g)].Conclusions: Despite the lower detected aflatoxin levels (lower than the ISIR level), the fungal contamination rate could not be neglected. Since the isolated mycotoxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. are important in food industry, it would be possible that the increased retention time of samples might have raised the detected contamination rate.

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“…The advantages and disadvantages of each method depend on their capability to separate impurities from the analytes, the time for preparation sample, and economic aspects (Schneider et al 2004;Gallo et al 2008). Due to its keto group in conjunction with the double-bond between C 9 and C 10 , DON absorbs in the UV range where most of the impurities from the cereal matrix have a significant UV maximum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current methods used for DON determination in cereals include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD), or mass spectrometry (MS) and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) methods (Kotal and Radova´2002;Schollenberger et al 2007;Gallo et al 2008). To the present authors' knowledge, there is no description of a method for the determination of DON in bulgur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Monitoring the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereals in Lebanon and validation of an HPLC/UV detection for the determination of DON in crushed wheat (bulgur)

Antonios

Guitton²,

Darrozes³

et al. 2010

Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B

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This paper reports for the first time a method for determining deoxynivalenol (DON) in crushed wheat (bulgur) using an high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet light detection. Linearity (r (2) > 0.999), selectivity and recovery (70-110%) were acceptable. Results show that the limit of detection (LOD) was 50 µg kg(-1) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 80 µg kg(-1). The level of DON was determined in 165 samples of cereals - wheat, forkha (wheat flour special for cake) and bulgur (crushed wheat) - marketed in Lebanon. The results showed that the contamination with DON was 8.75%, 7.5% and 5.0% in bulgur, wheat and forkha, respectively. The LOD and LOQ for wheat (or forkha) were, respectively, 40 and 50 µg kg(-1). The level of DON in all samples was below 1250 µg kg(-1) as recommended by European Union Directives (Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1126/2007), except for one sample of wheat which contained 2307 µg kg(-1). These data suggest that the Lebanese population is exposed to DON through food ingestion at concentrations lower than the tolerable daily intake (TDI) and suggest that measures must be performed routinely to avoid high levels of DON contamination to be found on Lebanese market.

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Mycotoxins in Durum Wheat Grain: Hygienic‐Health Quality of Sicilian Production

Cited by 23 publications

References 27 publications

Durum Wheat in Conventional and Organic Farming: Yield Amount and Pasta Quality in Southern Italy

Durum Wheat in Conventional and Organic Farming: Yield Amount and Pasta Quality in Southern Italy

Mycoflora of Fungal Contamination in Wheat Storage (Silos) in Golestan Province, North of Iran

Monitoring the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereals in Lebanon and validation of an HPLC/UV detection for the determination of DON in crushed wheat (bulgur)

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